{"id":11802,"date":"2026-11-06T22:00:38","date_gmt":"2026-11-06T21:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/?page_id=11802"},"modified":"2026-11-06T22:56:47","modified_gmt":"2026-11-06T21:56:47","slug":"guasti-sinclair","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/guasti-sinclair\/","title":{"rendered":"Sinclair faults"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11802\" class=\"elementor elementor-11802\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde62e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cde62e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c2a1331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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.mach-l{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"rfd\" id=\"rfd\">\r\n  <div class=\"stripe\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <nav class=\"mach\" aria-label=\"Scegli il computer\">\r\n      <span class=\"mach-t\">RIPARA IL TUO SINCLAIR<\/span>\r\n      <div class=\"mach-l\"><a href=\"\/guasti-commodore-vic-20\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#efe6cf\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"12\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b9ae93\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#fffaf0\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f8961e\"\/><rect x=\"5\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#e8a33d\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#e8a33d\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#e8a33d\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>VIC-20<\/b><small>1980 \u00b7 VIC-I<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/guasti-commodore-64\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2\" y=\"3\" width=\"30\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b3a387\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#9c8c74\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"12\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6e6250\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f8961e\"\/><rect x=\"5\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#c9bba0\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#c9bba0\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#c9bba0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>C64<\/b><small>1982 \u00b7 VIC-II \/ SID<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/guasti-commodore-128\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 68 28\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2\" y=\"3\" width=\"64\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"3\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#a6a193\"\/><rect x=\"55\" y=\"5\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"58\" y=\"5\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"9\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6e6a5f\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"10\" width=\"64\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#b8b09a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"8\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#f8961e\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"14\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"11\" width=\"4\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#d8d0bb\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"14\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6e6a5f\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"15\" width=\"64\" height=\"11\" fill=\"#ece4c6\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"26\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b9ae93\"\/><rect x=\"5\" y=\"16\" width=\"42\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#2b241b\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"27\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"33\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"36\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"39\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"42\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"31\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"34\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"37\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"40\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"27\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"33\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"36\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"39\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"42\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"23\" width=\"20\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"50\" y=\"16\" width=\"13\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#2b241b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>C128<\/b><small>1985 \u00b7 Z80 + 8502<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/guasti-amiga\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#ece6d3\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"12\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b9b19a\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#fffaf0\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"11\" width=\"12\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"6\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#ff8800\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"8\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#0055aa\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"8\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>Amiga<\/b><small>500 \u00b7 600 \u00b7 1200<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/guasti-sinclair\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#1a1a1a\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3a3a3a\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"10\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#d70000\"\/><rect x=\"26\" y=\"9\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd700\"\/><rect x=\"27\" y=\"8\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#00d700\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"7\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#00d7d7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>Sinclair<\/b><small>ZX80 \u00b7 Spectrum \u00b7 QL<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/guasti-console\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"5\" y=\"3\" width=\"24\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#5a5a6e\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"6\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#eee\"\/><rect x=\"11\" y=\"4\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" fill=\"#eee\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"5\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>Console<\/b><small>Pong \u2192 PS2<\/small><\/span><\/a><\/div>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n    <div class=\"top\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">GUASTI SINCLAIR<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Sinclair Doctor: trova il guasto<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Parti da quello che vedi sullo schermo o rispondi a qualche domanda: ti diciamo quali chip controllare, che attrezzatura serve e come procedere. Per ZX80, ZX81, ZX Spectrum 16K, 48K, 48K+, 128, +2, +2A, +2B, +3 e Sinclair QL.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"lcd\" id=\"rfdCount\">--- DIAGNOSI<small>SYSTEM READY.<\/small><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <nav class=\"nav\" aria-label=\"Sezioni della pagina\">\r\n      <a href=\"#rfd-schermi\">\ud83d\udcfa Schermate<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-diagnosi\">\ud83e\ude7a Diagnosi guidata<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-chip\">\ud83d\udd32 Mappa chip<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"#rfd-periferiche\">\ud83d\udd79 Periferiche di test<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-attrezzi\">\ud83d\udd27 Attrezzatura<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-schemi\">\ud83d\udcd0 Schemi e documenti<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-diagrom\">\ud83e\uddea ROM diagnostiche e Minerva<\/a>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"term\">\r\n      <label for=\"rfdQ\">LOAD \"SINTOMO\"<\/label>\r\n      <div class=\"qrow\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&gt;<\/span>\r\n        <input class=\"q\" id=\"rfdQ\" type=\"search\" placeholder=\"es. 4116, \u22125 V, TR4, ULA, membrana, Minerva, schermo bianco\u2026\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\">\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"results\" id=\"rfdRes\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- schermate tipiche -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-schermi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">COSA VEDI SULLO SCHERMO?<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Riconosci il guasto dalla schermata<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Simulazioni dei sintomi pi\u00f9 comuni. Clicca su quella che somiglia al tuo schermo per andare alla diagnosi.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"screens\" id=\"rfdScreens\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <!-- diagnosi guidata -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-diagnosi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">DIAGNOSI GUIDATA<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Rispondi alle domande<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Puoi cliccare le risposte o premere i tasti 1-9. Il percorso fatto resta in alto e puoi tornare a qualsiasi passo.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"wiz\">\r\n        <div class=\"crumbs\" id=\"rfdCrumbs\"><\/div>\r\n        <div id=\"rfdStep\"><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"acts\">\r\n          <button class=\"btn\" id=\"rfdBack\" type=\"button\">\u25c0 INDIETRO<\/button>\r\n          <button class=\"btn\" id=\"rfdRestart\" type=\"button\">\u21ba RICOMINCIA<\/button>\r\n          <button class=\"btn\" id=\"rfdShare\" type=\"button\">\ud83d\udd17 COPIA LINK<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <!-- mappa chip -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-chip\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">MAPPA DEI CHIP<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">I chip principali dei Sinclair<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Raggruppati per funzione (non \u00e8 la disposizione fisica sulla scheda). Clicca un chip per sapere cosa fa e quali sintomi d\u00e0 quando si guasta. Nella diagnosi, i chip coinvolti si illuminano.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"tabs\" role=\"tablist\" id=\"rfdTabs\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"board\" id=\"rfdBoard\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"icinfo\" id=\"rfdIcInfo\">Seleziona un chip per vedere i dettagli.<\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <!-- periferiche di test -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-periferiche\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">PERIFERICHE CHE AIUTANO<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Cartucce di test e strumenti di diagnosi<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Con questi strumenti la ricerca del guasto diventa molto pi\u00f9 veloce, e alla fine puoi fare un collaudo completo.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cards\" id=\"rfdPeriph\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <!-- attrezzatura -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-attrezzi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">ATTREZZATURA<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Cosa serve sul banco di lavoro<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Non serve tutto subito: ogni diagnosi ti indica cosa ti occorre per quel tipo di guasto.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cards\" id=\"rfdTools\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"warn\">\u26a0\ufe0f <span><b>Sicurezza.<\/b> Prima di aprire scollega l&#x27;alimentatore. Controlla la polarit\u00e0: sullo Spectrum 16K\/48K\/128 il centro dello spinotto \u00e8 negativo, sullo ZX81 positivo; i +2A, +2B e +3 vogliono un alimentatore a 6 poli con +5, +12 e \u221212 V. Sul 48K, se TR4 fuma, spegni subito.<\/span><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <!-- ROM diagnostiche e Minerva -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-diagrom\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">DIAGNOSTICA AVANZATA<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">ROM diagnostiche per Spectrum, Minerva e test per il QL<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Una ROM di diagnostica al posto di quella originale dice in pochi secondi quale RAM \u00e8 guasta. Sul QL, Minerva sostituisce il sistema operativo e prova la memoria a ogni accensione.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"dgx\">\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>1. Una EPROM di diagnostica per lo Spectrum<\/h4>\r\n          <ul>\r\n            <li><b>ZX-Diagnostics<\/b> di Brendan Alford, gratuita, dal 16K al +3: scarica <code>testrom.bin<\/code> dalle <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/brendanalford\/zx-diagnostics\/releases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">release su GitHub<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>16K\/48K:<\/b> la ROM originale \u00e8 una 23128. Al suo posto va una 27C256 (o 27C128) con qualche modifica: pin 1 collegato al pin 28 (+5 V); pin 27 alla linea A14, che con un deviatore sceglie tra due immagini (per esempio ROM originale e diagnostica); pin 20 da un OR di \/ROMCS e \/MREQ fatto con due diodi e una resistenza. Collegarlo solo a \/ROMCS sembra funzionare ma sbaglia la lettura della tastiera. Controlla anche i ponticelli H\/N vicino alla ROM. Tutti i passaggi sono nel nostro articolo <a href=\"\/cambiare-la-rom-dello-zx-spectrum\/\">Cambiare la ROM dello ZX Spectrum<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>128 e +2 grigio:<\/b> un'unica ROM da 32K (IC5 sul 128, IC8 sul +2), sostituibile con una 27C256: controlla la piedinatura sullo schema.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>+2A, +2B, +3:<\/b> due ROM da 32K (40092 e 40093), sostituibili con due 27C256.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Senza togliere la ROM:<\/b> schede che si infilano dietro (DiagBoard, SMART Card di Retroleum, ZXC4, Dandanator) oppure <code>testram.tap<\/code> caricato da DivMMC, che per\u00f2 non prova ULA e tastiera. Sul +2A\/+3 le schede del 48K e del 128 non funzionano: i segnali della ROM sul connettore sono diversi.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>2. Leggere i risultati di ZX-Diagnostics<\/h4>\r\n          <ul>\r\n            <li>All'avvio fa otto bip e due toni e il bordo passa dal blu al verde: CPU, ULA e bus funzionano. Bordo arcobaleno con un fischio = checksum della ROM sbagliato.<\/li>\r\n            <li>La RAM bassa compare come 8 strisce sul bordo: <b>verde buona, rossa guasta<\/b>. La wiki non \u00e8 coerente sul verso (bit 0 in alto o in basso): se ne hai pi\u00f9 di una guasta, conferma con la sonda o con il tester.<\/li>\r\n            <li>La RAM alta viene indicata con il numero dell'IC (IC15\u2013IC22 sul 48K); i banchi dei 128K e la paginazione vengono provati.<\/li>\r\n            <li>Tasti all'accensione: <b>SPAZIO<\/b> scheda di prova video, <b>U<\/b> test della ULA (MIC, EAR, bordo, interruzioni), <b>S<\/b> prova continua, <b>M<\/b> esplora la memoria.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n          <table class=\"pins\">\r\n            <tr><th>Modello<\/th><th>RAM bassa, bit 0 \u2192 bit 7<\/th><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td>16K, 48K, 128<\/td><td><b>IC6 \u2192 IC13<\/b> (4116 sul 48K, 4164 sul 128)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td>+2 grigio<\/td><td><b>IC32 \u2192 IC25<\/b><\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td>+2A, +2B, +3<\/td><td><b>IC3<\/b> bit 0\u20133, <b>IC4<\/b> bit 4\u20137<\/td><\/tr>\r\n          <\/table>\r\n          <p><b>Tutte le RAM basse rosse sul 48K?<\/b> Prima di cambiare otto chip misura sulle 4116: pin 1 = \u22125 V, pin 8 = +12 V, pin 9 = +5 V, pin 16 = massa. Se il \u22125 V o il +12 V mancano, il guasto \u00e8 nel convertitore TR4\/TR5.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>3. Minerva per il QL<\/h4>\r\n          <ul>\r\n            <li><b>Cos'\u00e8:<\/b> il sistema operativo sostitutivo del QL di Laurence Reeves (QView), oggi con sorgenti GPL. Corregge i difetti delle ROM, \u00e8 pi\u00f9 veloce, permette pi\u00f9 SuperBASIC e il doppio schermo, e all'avvio fa un <b>test della RAM<\/b> pi\u00f9 completo. <code>PRINT VER$<\/code> risponde JSL1.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Dove scaricarla:<\/b> versione <b>1.98a1<\/b> curata da Marcel Kilgus su <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kilgus.net\/ql\/minerva\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kilgus.net<\/a> (sorgenti su <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/MarcelKilgus\/Minerva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub<\/a>); tutte le versioni anche nell'<a href=\"https:\/\/sinclairql.net\/djw\/qlrom\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archivio ROM di Dilwyn Jones<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Come farla:<\/b> l'immagine \u00e8 da 48K e si masterizza dall'inizio di una <b>27C512<\/b>. Una EPROM non entra direttamente nello zoccolo: alcuni pin sono diversi e il chip select delle ROM originali \u00e8 attivo alto. Serve un adattatore che inverte il segnale: il nostro, a SMD o a fori passanti, \u00e8 descritto in <a href=\"\/rom-minerva\/\">ROM Minerva per QL<\/a> con i file su <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/zeus074\/Minerva-for-QL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Come montarla:<\/b> togli le due ROM (IC33 da 32K e IC34 da 16K) e inserisci l'adattatore in uno dei due zoccoli. Sulle prime schede con tre chip (due ROM impilate) servono modifiche.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Errore della RAM:<\/b> Minerva mostra dato scritto, dato letto e indirizzo. Inseriscili nel <a href=\"\/ql-minerva-ram-decode\/\">decodificatore della RAM di Minerva<\/a> per sapere quale tra IC1 e IC16 cambiare.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>4. Se il QL non arriva nemmeno al test<\/h4>\r\n          <ol>\r\n            <li><b>La ROM di diagnostica:<\/b> la <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/stephen-usher\/Sinclair-QL-BareMetal-Diag-ROM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bare Metal Diagnostic ROM<\/a> di Stephen Usher usa lo stesso adattatore di Minerva e gira anche senza RAM: le basta CPU, ZX8301 e l'uscita seriale della ZX8302.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Leggila dal PC:<\/b> scrive su <b>SER2 a 4800 baud<\/b>. A schermo mostra 8 bande per la RAM (verde buona, rossa guasta; i chip si contano da destra a sinistra) e prova anche orologio, IPC, tastiera e interruzioni.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Alimentazioni:<\/b> 5 V dal 7805 (IC35), +12 V e \u221212 V da 78L12 e 79L12.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Segnali di base:<\/b> clock, \/RESET e DTACK sul pin 31 della 68008: senza DTACK il test della RAM non parte.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Chip su zoccolo da provare in quest'ordine:<\/b> IC18 (CPU), IC22 (ZX8301), IC23 (ZX8302), IC24 (IPC), IC28.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ol>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <!-- schemi -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-schemi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">SCHEMI E DOCUMENTAZIONE<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Per chi vuole riparare da solo<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Schemi elettrici, manuali di servizio e le comunit\u00e0 dove chiedere aiuto.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cards\" id=\"rfdDocs\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <p class=\"foot\">Questo strumento d\u00e0 indicazioni generali basate sui guasti pi\u00f9 comuni e sui manuali di servizio. Per riparazioni complesse chiedi a un tecnico esperto o alla community Sinclair (per esempio Spectrum Computing o il QL Forum).<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"toast\" id=\"rfdToast\" role=\"status\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"rfdData\">{\"start\":{\"question\":\"Quale Sinclair stai riparando?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"ZX Spectrum 16K \/ 48K \/ 48K+\",\"next\":\"zx48\"},{\"label\":\"ZX Spectrum 128 \\\"toastrack\\\" o +2 grigio\",\"next\":\"zx128\"},{\"label\":\"ZX Spectrum +2A, +2B o +3 (Amstrad, nero)\",\"next\":\"zxp3\"},{\"label\":\"ZX80 o ZX81\",\"next\":\"zx81\"},{\"label\":\"Sinclair QL\",\"next\":\"ql\"},{\"label\":\"Voglio una EPROM o una ROM di diagnostica\",\"next\":\"diagrom\"},{\"label\":\"Ho riparato: voglio un collaudo completo\",\"next\":\"finalTest\"}]},\"zx48\":{\"question\":\"Cosa fa il tuo Spectrum 16K\/48K?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Niente di niente: nessuna immagine, nessun segno di vita\",\"next\":\"psu48\"},{\"label\":\"Fumo o puzza di bruciato all'accensione\",\"next\":\"tr4\"},{\"label\":\"Bordo nero con righe orizzontali, o la diagnostica d\u00e0 tutte le RAM basse guaste\",\"next\":\"dcdc\"},{\"label\":\"Righe verticali sottili, quadretti o attributi a caso\",\"next\":\"lowram\"},{\"label\":\"Bande larghe e bordo che non diventa bianco\",\"next\":\"nocode\"},{\"label\":\"Parte, ma come 16K, o si blocca nei giochi\",\"next\":\"upperram\"},{\"label\":\"Il televisore non riceve nessuna immagine\",\"next\":\"nopic48\"},{\"label\":\"Immagine in bianco e nero o colori sbagliati\",\"next\":\"colour48\"},{\"label\":\"Tasti che non funzionano\",\"next\":\"kb\"},{\"label\":\"Non carica dal registratore\",\"next\":\"tape\"},{\"label\":\"Niente suono\",\"next\":\"sound\"},{\"label\":\"Si blocca o si resetta quando \u00e8 caldo, o con le periferiche\",\"next\":\"hot48\"}]},\"zx128\":{\"question\":\"Cosa fa il tuo 128 o +2 grigio?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Non parte, o il regolatore scotta\",\"next\":\"psu128\"},{\"label\":\"Schermo con righe, quadretti o si blocca all'avvio\",\"next\":\"ram128\"},{\"label\":\"+2 grigio: nessuna immagine o solo in bianco e nero\",\"next\":\"video128\"},{\"label\":\"Parte solo in modo 48K o il menu non compare\",\"next\":\"mode48\"},{\"label\":\"\\\"Pioggia\\\" sullo schermo o blocchi con alcuni programmi\",\"next\":\"hal128\"},{\"label\":\"Tasti morti, niente suono o non carica\",\"next\":\"kb\"}]},\"zxp3\":{\"question\":\"Cosa fa il tuo +2A, +2B o +3?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Non si accende: alimentatore e presa DIN\",\"next\":\"psup3\"},{\"label\":\"Schermo con righe, quadretti o si blocca all'avvio\",\"next\":\"ramp3\"},{\"label\":\"Schermo nero o immagine strana, ma l'alimentazione \u00e8 giusta\",\"next\":\"gap3\"},{\"label\":\"+3: il drive non legge o non gira\",\"next\":\"disk3\"},{\"label\":\"Voglio sostituire le ROM o usare una cartuccia di test\",\"next\":\"romp3\"}]},\"zx81\":{\"question\":\"Quale macchina e cosa fa?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Non si accende o scalda tanto\",\"next\":\"psu81\"},{\"label\":\"ZX81: schermo scuro, nero o bianco con zig-zag\",\"next\":\"ula81\"},{\"label\":\"ZX81: si blocca e perde il programma con l'espansione 16K\",\"next\":\"rampack\"},{\"label\":\"ZX81: immagine molto scura sui televisori moderni\",\"next\":\"dim81\"},{\"label\":\"Una fila di tasti non funziona\",\"next\":\"kb81\"},{\"label\":\"ZX80: non parte\",\"next\":\"zx80\"}]},\"ql\":{\"question\":\"Cosa vedi quando accendi il QL?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Niente, o il regolatore scotta\",\"next\":\"qlpsu\"},{\"label\":\"Schermo vuoto, nessuna immagine\",\"next\":\"qlblank\"},{\"label\":\"Puntini che scendono (\\\"tweed\\\"), poi si blocca\",\"next\":\"qltweed\"},{\"label\":\"Disegno geometrico a barre rosse e verdi\",\"next\":\"qlpattern\"},{\"label\":\"Schermo bianco o schermo verde\",\"next\":\"qlwhite\"},{\"label\":\"Righe strette o puntini fissi\",\"next\":\"qlbit\"},{\"label\":\"Disegni che sfarfallano e bip continui\",\"next\":\"qlrom\"},{\"label\":\"Fine del test della RAM, poi schermo vuoto\",\"next\":\"qlipc\"},{\"label\":\"Con Minerva: compare un errore della RAM\",\"next\":\"qlminerva\"},{\"label\":\"Tastiera, suono o seriale\",\"next\":\"qlkb\"},{\"label\":\"Microdrive che non legge\",\"next\":\"qlmdv\"}]},\"psu48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Alimentazione: alimentatore, presa e regolatore 7805\",\"checks\":[\"L'alimentatore originale d\u00e0 9 V in continua non stabilizzati (1,4 A); a vuoto misura circa 13,5 V\",\"Polarit\u00e0: sullo Spectrum il centro dello spinotto \u00e8 NEGATIVO e l'esterno positivo. Un alimentatore al contrario di solito brucia il 7805\",\"Misura i 5 V all'uscita del regolatore 7805 e i 9 V al suo ingresso\",\"Controlla che la presa di alimentazione non sia incrinata, ossidata o in corto\",\"Manuale di servizio: se mancano i 5 V controlla anche la caduta su R64\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci il 7805 (con pasta termica sul dissipatore) o la presa\",\"Usa un alimentatore moderno da 9 V, centro negativo, almeno 1,4 A\",\"Se i 5 V ci sono e non parte, passa a \\\"Bordo nero con righe orizzontali\\\": controlla \u22125 V e +12 V\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"tr4\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Convertitore DC-DC in corto (TR4)\",\"checks\":[\"Spegni subito: se TR4 \u00e8 in corto e resta alimentato, la bobina scalda e il suo isolamento si rovina\",\"Il manuale di servizio indica proprio \\\"schermo morto, fumo all'accensione\\\" per TR4 in corto tra base e collettore\",\"Togli TR4: se il corto resta, controlla TR5, C44 e le piste\",\"Prova veloce: un corto tra il piedino centrale e uno esterno di TR4 o TR5 vuol dire transistor guasto\"],\"solutions\":[\"Se TR4 si \u00e8 bruciato, cambia sia TR4 sia TR5 anche se TR5 sembra buono\",\"Ricambi: ZTX650 non si trova pi\u00f9, si usa ZTX651 o ZTX653; per ZTX213 si usa ZTX751. Attenzione: le piedinature cambiano\",\"Prima di riaccendere controlla le 4116: un chip in corto sovraccarica +12 V e \u22125 V e brucia di nuovo i transistor\",\"Sulle schede Issue 1 il manuale porta R60 da 100 a 270 \u03a9 e aggiunge 4,7 \u00b5F su TR5\"],\"severity\":\"alta\",\"notes\":\"TR4 e TR5 sono i due transistor vicino alla bobina toroidale L1: insieme fanno i +12 V e i \u22125 V che servono solo alle 8 RAM basse 4116.\"},\"dcdc\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Mancano \u22125 V o +12 V per le RAM basse\",\"checks\":[\"Se la diagnostica d\u00e0 guaste TUTTE e 8 le RAM basse (IC6\u2013IC13), \u00e8 molto pi\u00f9 probabile che manchi un'alimentazione che non otto chip rotti insieme\",\"Misura su una 4116 con il computer acceso: pin 1 = \u22125 V, pin 8 = +12 V, pin 9 = +5 V, pin 16 = massa\",\"Tolleranza circa \u00b110 %: il \u22125 V deve stare tra \u22124,5 e \u22125,5 V. Se una tensione \u00e8 sbagliata di oltre 1 V il problema \u00e8 il convertitore\",\"Il convertitore: TR4 (ZTX650), TR5 (ZTX213), bobina L1, diodi D15 e D17 (BA157), zener D19 da 5,1 V, condensatore C44 e le resistenze da 15 \u03a9 sotto la scheda\",\"Se le tensioni restano basse, togli le 4116 una alla volta: un solo chip in corto pu\u00f2 far crollare +12 V e \u22125 V\"],\"solutions\":[\"Ripara prima il convertitore (TR4\/TR5, diodi, zener, condensatori), poi rifai il test della RAM\",\"Accendi per poco tempo finch\u00e9 il \u22125 V non \u00e8 a posto: le 4116 vogliono il \u22125 V prima delle altre tensioni e senza possono danneggiarsi\",\"Solo dopo cambia le 4116 che la diagnostica continua a segnare guaste (montale su zoccoli)\",\"In alternativa esistono moduli moderni al posto delle 4116 che usano solo i 5 V: controlla le istruzioni del venditore\"],\"severity\":\"alta\",\"notes\":\"Le 4116 sono le uniche parti che usano +12 V e \u22125 V: per questo un convertitore guasto fa sembrare guaste tutte le RAM basse insieme.\"},\"lowram\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"RAM bassa guasta (4116, IC6\u2013IC13)\",\"checks\":[\"Prima misura \u22125 V, +12 V e +5 V sulle 4116 (pin 1, 8 e 9): se sono sbagliate vai al convertitore DC-DC\",\"Righe verticali sottili: la posizione del pixel dentro ogni carattere di 8 punti dice il chip. Primo pixel a sinistra = bit 7 (IC13), ultimo a destra = bit 0 (IC6)\",\"Quadretti 8\u00d78 che lampeggiano: IC13. Quadretti pi\u00f9 luminosi (BRIGHT): IC12\",\"Puntini a caso: guasto leggero della RAM bassa\",\"La ROM di diagnostica indica il chip esatto (bande verdi buone, rosse guaste)\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci la 4116 indicata e monta uno zoccolo\",\"Un chip caldissimo al tatto o con la termocamera di solito \u00e8 quello in corto\",\"Se dopo il cambio la RAM risulta ancora guasta, controlla i 74LS157 (IC3, IC4) che fanno gli indirizzi\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"nocode\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Il programma non parte: CPU, ROM o bus bloccato\",\"checks\":[\"Bande larghe e bordo che non diventa bianco vogliono dire che la ROM non viene eseguita\",\"Una RAM in corto pu\u00f2 bloccare il bus dati: a computer spento confronta verso massa il pin 2 delle coppie IC13\u2194IC22, IC12\u2194IC21 \u2026 IC6\u2194IC15\",\"Controlla i 74LS157 (IC3, IC4, IC25, IC26): una resistenza sotto 1 \u03a9 verso un'alimentazione indica un chip in corto\",\"Con l'oscilloscopio o la sonda: clock della CPU, \/RESET che sale, attivit\u00e0 sulle linee di indirizzo; controlla TR3\"],\"solutions\":[\"Prova con una ROM di diagnostica: se parte, CPU e ULA sono vivi e ti dice quale RAM \u00e8 guasta\",\"Sostituisci la CPU Z80 (spesso su zoccolo) e, se serve, la ROM con una EPROM\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"upperram\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"RAM alta guasta (IC15\u2013IC22) o i suoi selettori\",\"checks\":[\"Se parte come 16K o si blocca nei giochi da 48K, il problema \u00e8 nei 32K alti\",\"Sono 8 chip TI 4532 o OKI 3732 (64K \\\"a met\u00e0\\\"); bit 0 = IC15 \u2026 bit 7 = IC22\",\"Sulle schede dalla Issue 3 ci sono due ponticelli: tipo TI\/OKI e met\u00e0 usata (3\/4 o L\/H). Controlla che siano giusti per i chip montati\",\"Se la diagnostica dice \\\"tutti e 8 guasti\\\", pu\u00f2 essere un 16K o un guasto dei multiplexer 74LS157 (IC25, IC26) e della logica 74LS32 (IC23) e 74LS00 (IC24)\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci il chip indicato. Al posto delle 4532\/3732 si possono usare 4164 interi, con i ponticelli su una delle due met\u00e0\",\"Attenzione: alcuni 4164 vogliono 256 cicli di refresh e lo Spectrum ne d\u00e0 meno; il problema si vede con il ponticello in posizione OKI\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"nopic48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Nessuna immagine: ULA, modulatore e circuito video\",\"checks\":[\"La ULA produce l'immagine anche con CPU, ROM o RAM guaste: se non c'\u00e8 proprio niente, il guasto \u00e8 in alimentazione, ULA o circuito video\",\"Manuale di servizio: cambia la ULA (IC1), poi controlla TR1 e TR2, lo zoccolo della ULA e un corto tra C65 e R53\",\"Clock: 14 MHz sul pin 39 della ULA e 3,5 MHz sul pin 32 (quarzo X1, TR3)\",\"Sintonizza il televisore sul canale 36 UHF o, meglio, prova un'uscita composita\",\"Tasti che fanno click ma immagine scura: TR1\/TR2\"],\"solutions\":[\"Una ULA di ricambio (6C001E-7 va bene su tutte le Issue 48K) o una moderna sostitutiva\",\"Una modifica composita elimina i problemi del modulatore RF\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"colour48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Colori: codificatore LM1889 e regolazioni\",\"checks\":[\"Il colore lo fa l'LM1889 (IC14); su alcune schede c'\u00e8 un SN94459, che si sostituisce con l'LM1889\",\"Immagine in bianco e nero dalla Issue 3: misura i 12 V sul pin 14 dell'LM1889; se mancano il colpevole \u00e8 il convertitore TR4\/TR5\",\"Issue 1 e 2: si regolano i trimmer VR1, VR2 e il compensatore TC2\",\"Logo o caratteri di un solo colore sbagliato: ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci l'LM1889 solo dopo aver controllato i 12 V\",\"Con una modifica composita o un cavo RGB il colore non dipende pi\u00f9 dal modulatore\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"kb\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Tastiera: la membrana\",\"checks\":[\"Il guasto pi\u00f9 comune: le code della membrana si crepano dove entrano nei connettori e muore un'intera fila di tasti\",\"Controlla che le code non tocchino la scatola del modulatore e che i connettori siano puliti\",\"Un tasto \\\"bloccato\\\" pu\u00f2 venire anche da ULA, diodi D1\u2013D8, RAM o ROM\",\"Sul 128 e sul +2 il discorso \u00e8 lo stesso; sul 128 il suono passa anche dal televisore\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci la membrana con una nuova (si trovano facilmente)\",\"Niente suono: altoparlante (circa 40 \u03a9 dalla Issue 3), TR7 (ZTX450) e D9, poi la ULA\",\"Non carica: volume pi\u00f9 alto, cavo mono da 3,5 mm, presa EAR pulita\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"tape\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Non carica da nastro\",\"checks\":[\"Volume: lettori MP3 e telefoni spesso sono troppo bassi; alza al massimo e prova\",\"Usa un cavo mono da 3,5 mm nella presa EAR e controlla che la presa non sia ossidata o allentata\",\"Il bordo deve fare le righe colorate: se resta fermo il segnale non arriva\",\"Se con un segnale buono non carica ancora, il problema \u00e8 nella ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Pulisci o sostituisci la presa EAR\",\"Prova con un file TZX\/WAV da PC o da un lettore per Spectrum\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"sound\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Niente suono\",\"checks\":[\"L'altoparlante: circa 200 \u03a9 sulla Issue 2, circa 40 \u03a9 dalla Issue 3\",\"Controlla TR7 (ZTX450) e il diodo D9\",\"Se il bordo sfarfalla quando suona, la ULA \u00e8 guasta\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci altoparlante, TR7 o D9; per ultima la ULA\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"hot48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Blocchi a caldo o con le periferiche\",\"checks\":[\"Blocchi casuali a caldo: la ULA \u00e8 la parte che scalda di pi\u00f9 ed \u00e8 la prima da provare\",\"Raffredda un chip alla volta con lo spray: se torna a funzionare hai trovato il colpevole\",\"Solo con interfacce o cartucce: pulisci il connettore posteriore\",\"Issue 2 con ULA 5C112E: il manuale cita il reset spontaneo legato a TR6\"],\"solutions\":[\"Una piccola aletta sulla ULA \u00e8 un'abitudine diffusa, anche se non c'\u00e8 una specifica ufficiale\",\"Sostituisci la ULA o il chip che reagisce allo spray\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"psu128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"128 e +2: alimentazione\",\"checks\":[\"Alimentatore da 9 V in continua, centro negativo, stesso spinotto del 48K; il 128 assorbe circa 900\u2013960 mA\",\"Un 7805 che scotta \u00e8 normale fino a un certo punto; condensatori C44 e C45 (100 \u00b5F) seccati fanno ondulazione che pu\u00f2 rovinare il convertitore e i +12 V\",\"Usa un alimentatore da almeno 2 A\"],\"solutions\":[\"Cambia C44\/C45 e, se serve, monta un regolatore da 2 A (L78S05) al posto del 7805\",\"Se DivMMC o interfacce non funzionano, spesso il segnale \/M1 della Z80 \u00e8 debole: prova un'altra CPU\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"ram128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"128 e +2: RAM 4164\",\"checks\":[\"Il 128 ha 16 RAM 4164 (64K\u00d71): IC6\u2013IC13 e IC15\u2013IC22; il banco basso ha bit 0\u20137 = IC6\u2013IC13\",\"Sul +2 grigio i bit 0\u20137 del banco basso sono IC32, IC31 \u2026 IC25\",\"Queste RAM non usano \u22125 V: un guasto di tutte insieme fa pensare a multiplexer, HAL o ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"La ROM di diagnostica prova anche i banchi alti e la paginazione\",\"Sostituisci i chip indicati, su zoccolo\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"video128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2 grigio: codificatore video TEA2000\",\"checks\":[\"Sul +2 grigio il colore lo fa il TEA2000: se \u00e8 guasto non c'\u00e8 immagine o \u00e8 solo in bianco e nero\",\"Prova l'uscita RGB sulla presa DIN: se l\u00ec l'immagine \u00e8 buona, il problema \u00e8 nel TEA2000 o nel modulatore\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci il TEA2000 o usa un cavo RGB\/SCART\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"mode48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Parte solo in modo 48K\",\"checks\":[\"Le cause non sono documentate bene: un caso raccontato era una RAM del banco alto guasta\",\"La ROM di diagnostica prova i banchi e la paginazione: parti da l\u00ec\",\"Se la diagnostica segnala guasti nei 128K su un computer che sembra un 48K, pu\u00f2 aver riconosciuto male il modello, o essere un guasto di PAL, HAL o ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Segui quello che indica la diagnostica; controlla anche la ROM (IC5 sul 128, IC8 sul +2)\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\",\"notes\":\"Risultato incerto: le fonti su questo sintomo sono poche.\"},\"hal128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"128: difetti noti della HAL\",\"checks\":[\"La paginazione la fa una HAL10H8 con due difetti noti: leggere la porta 7FFD blocca il computer, e compare \\\"pioggia\\\" quando il registro I punta a 4000\u20137FFF\",\"Sono difetti di progetto, non guasti: lo fanno tutti i 128\"],\"solutions\":[\"Esistono piccole GAL sostitutive (\\\"Umbrella\\\", \\\"Unrainer\\\") che correggono la pioggia\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"psup3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: alimentatore con presa DIN a 6 poli\",\"checks\":[\"Questi modelli NON usano i 9 V: l'alimentatore d\u00e0 +5 V, +12 V, \u221212 V e massa su una DIN a 6 poli\",\"Un alimentatore cablato male pu\u00f2 fare danni seri: misura ogni pin prima di collegarlo\",\"Valori tipici: 5 V 2 A; +12 V 700 mA sul +3 (per il drive), 200 mA sul +2A; \u221212 V 50 mA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Non usare l'alimentatore del +2A sul +3: i suoi +12 V non bastano per il drive\",\"Mai un alimentatore a spinotto da 9 V sui modelli Amstrad neri\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"ramp3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: RAM 41464\",\"checks\":[\"Qui le RAM sono 41464\/4464 (64K\u00d74, 18 pin). Il banco basso: IC3 = bit 0\u20133, IC4 = bit 4\u20137\",\"La ROM di diagnostica funziona, ma con alcune schede il modello va scelto a mano\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci il chip indicato, su zoccolo\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"gap3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: gate array 40077\",\"checks\":[\"Il gate array Amstrad 40077 (contenitore QFP) fa il lavoro di ULA, PAL e HAL insieme\",\"Prima di condannarlo controlla le saldature dei suoi piedini con la lente: un caso documentato era solo una saldatura fredda\",\"Controlla alimentazioni, clock e reset come sugli altri modelli\"],\"solutions\":[\"Rifai le saldature dei piedini del gate array con flussante\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"disk3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+3: drive da 3\\\"\",\"checks\":[\"La cinghia di gomma si deteriora: il drive gira a vuoto o non gira\",\"Pulisci il percorso della cinghia e controlla che la testina si muova\",\"Ricorda che il drive vuole i +12 V dell'alimentatore del +3\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci la cinghia (si vendono anche kit di revisione) e pulisci la testina\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"romp3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: ROM e cartucce\",\"checks\":[\"Due ROM da 32K: 40092 (ROM A) e 40093 (ROM B), sostituibili con due 27C256\",\"Il connettore posteriore ha segnali di controllo ROM diversi (\/ROMOE1 e \/ROMOE2): cartucce e schede ROM del 48K e del 128 non funzionano\"],\"solutions\":[\"Per la diagnostica usa una scheda compatibile con il +2A\/+3 (per esempio la SMART Card) o la versione su nastro da DivMMC\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"psu81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX80 e ZX81: alimentazione\",\"checks\":[\"Alimentatore da 9 V in continua non stabilizzato. Attenzione: sullo ZX81 il centro dello spinotto \u00e8 POSITIVO, al contrario dello Spectrum\",\"A vuoto misura 14\u201316 V, sotto carico circa 11 V: \u00e8 normale\",\"Un solo 7805 alimenta tutto e il suo dissipatore scalda: \u00e8 normale. Uno spinotto al contrario spesso lo brucia\",\"Misura i 5 V all'uscita del 7805 prima di sospettare la ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci il 7805 e usa un alimentatore stabilizzato da 9 V con la polarit\u00e0 giusta\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"ula81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX81: ULA\",\"checks\":[\"Schermo scuro con cursore sfocato, schermo nero o bianco con zig-zag: sintomi tipici della ULA (IC1)\",\"Molte ULA sono morte per sovratensione: controlla prima che i 5 V siano giusti\",\"Una ULA al limite pu\u00f2 guastarsi solo a caldo\",\"Le ULA 2C158, 2C184E e 2C210E hanno la stessa piedinatura\"],\"solutions\":[\"Prova un'altra ULA o un sostituto moderno; prova anche Z80, ROM (2364) e RAM\",\"Controllo della ROM: la somma in BASIC degli 8192 byte deve dare 835106 (ROM successiva) o 854885 (ROM iniziale)\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"rampack\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX81: espansione da 16K che \\\"balla\\\"\",\"checks\":[\"Il classico: l'espansione si muove, il contatto salta e il programma si perde\",\"Prova prima senza espansione, con la RAM interna\",\"Con l'espansione montata la RAM interna da 1K sparisce: \u00e8 normale\"],\"solutions\":[\"Pulisci i contatti del connettore e fissa l'espansione (biadesivo, staffetta)\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"dim81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX81: immagine scura sui televisori moderni\",\"checks\":[\"La ULA 2C184E non genera il \\\"back porch\\\" del segnale video: molti televisori moderni mostrano un'immagine scura\",\"La 2C210E ha corretto il difetto\",\"In modo FAST lo schermo si spegne durante i calcoli: \u00e8 normale\"],\"solutions\":[\"Una modifica video (o una ULA 2C210E) risolve\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"kb81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Tastiera ZX80 e ZX81\",\"checks\":[\"Le code della membrana si crepano e muore un'intera fila di tasti\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci la membrana\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"zx80\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX80: non parte\",\"checks\":[\"Lo ZX80 non ha ULA: Z80 (NEC \u00b5PD780C-1), ROM da 4K, due 2114 per 1K di RAM e circa 18 chip TTL\",\"Il 7805 scalda molto con l'alimentatore originale; serve almeno 7,5 V in ingresso\",\"Se mancano i 5 V controlla il 7805 e i condensatori di filtro\"],\"solutions\":[\"Con la sonda logica segui clock, reset e indirizzi; i chip TTL si provano anche con un chip tester\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlpsu\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: alimentazione e regolatori\",\"checks\":[\"L'alimentatore esterno d\u00e0 circa 9 V in continua non stabilizzati (2 A) pi\u00f9 una tensione alternata (circa 15,6 V sul diodo D26)\",\"Sulla scheda: IC35 7805 per i +5 V (con dissipatore), IC37 78L12 per i +12 V, IC36 79L12 per i \u221212 V della seriale\",\"Il 7805 scalda molto: il manuale chiede un buon contatto termico con pasta\",\"Controlla anche zoccoli ossidati\"],\"solutions\":[\"Rinnova la pasta termica del 7805 o montaci un regolatore switching moderno\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlblank\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: schermo vuoto\",\"checks\":[\"Manuale di servizio: con lo schermo vuoto il primo sospetto \u00e8 IC22, la ZX8301 (video e RAM)\",\"Controlla prima 5 V, 12 V e \u221212 V\",\"Ordine di prova dei chip su zoccolo: IC18 (CPU), IC22, IC23, IC24, IC28\"],\"solutions\":[\"Prova una ZX8301 di ricambio\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"qltweed\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: puntini che scendono (\\\"tweed\\\")\",\"checks\":[\"Se compaiono puntini che scendono e poi si blocca, ROM e ZX8301 funzionano: il sospetto \u00e8 la RAM\",\"La RAM sono 16 chip 4164 (IC1\u2013IC16) in due banchi: IC1\u20138 e IC9\u201316; il banco basso contiene lo schermo\"],\"solutions\":[\"Con Minerva il test della RAM indica indirizzo e chip; senza, usa la ROM di diagnostica\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlpattern\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: disegno geometrico rosso e verde\",\"checks\":[\"La ZX8301 funziona, ma il programma della ROM non parte\",\"Sospetta il clock della CPU, la RAM o la CPU 68008 stessa\",\"Senza DTACK (pin 31 della CPU) il test della RAM non parte nemmeno\"],\"solutions\":[\"Prova la ROM di diagnostica: gira anche senza RAM e scrive i risultati sulla seriale\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"qlwhite\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: schermo bianco o verde\",\"checks\":[\"Schermo bianco: \u00e8 fallito il primo passaggio del test della RAM\",\"Schermo verde: \u00e8 fallito il secondo passaggio (mantenimento e refresh)\"],\"solutions\":[\"Con Minerva leggi i tre valori dell'errore e usa il decodificatore per trovare il chip\",\"Con la ROM di diagnostica le 8 bande colorate dicono quale bit \u00e8 guasto\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlbit\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: righe strette o puntini fissi\",\"checks\":[\"Un solo bit della RAM \u00e8 guasto\",\"Manuale di servizio: tocca a massa uno alla volta i pin dei dati delle RAM con un puntale; quando la riga cambia hai trovato il bit\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci la 4164 di quel bit\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlrom\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: disegni che sfarfallano e bip\",\"checks\":[\"Manuale di servizio: disegni che sfarfallano con \\\"bip agitati\\\" indicano una ROM guasta\",\"Le ROM sono IC33 (32K) e IC34 (16K); sulle prime schede c'erano EPROM o una ROM aggiuntiva esterna\"],\"solutions\":[\"Sostituisci le ROM con Minerva su EPROM (vedi la sezione pi\u00f9 sotto)\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"qlipc\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: si ferma dopo il test della RAM\",\"checks\":[\"Se finisce il test della RAM, mostra il disegno e poi lo schermo resta vuoto: ROM, collegamento ZX8302\u2194IPC o un'interruzione bloccata\",\"Controlla il quarzo X4 e i pin 29 e 35 dell'IPC (IC24, 8049)\"],\"solutions\":[\"Prova IC23 (ZX8302), IC24 (IPC) e le ROM\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlminerva\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL con Minerva: errore della RAM\",\"checks\":[\"Minerva mostra tre valori: il dato scritto, il dato letto e l'indirizzo\",\"Un errore proprio all'inizio della RAM pu\u00f2 essere un conflitto sul bus dati: controlla il 74LS245 e la decodifica delle ROM\"],\"solutions\":[\"Inserisci i tre valori nel decodificatore di RetroFixer: ti dice quale tra IC1 e IC16 cambiare\",\"Il risultato \u00e8 un punto di partenza: verifica con la sonda o con un chip tester\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlkb\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: tastiera, suono e seriale (IPC)\",\"checks\":[\"La membrana della tastiera si rompe spesso, di solito vicino al connettore\",\"Tastiera, suono e ricezione seriale passano dall'IPC (IC24, un 8049) che parla con la ZX8302\",\"Manuale: niente suono = cambia IC24; blocchi casuali = prova IC23, IC34 o IC24\"],\"solutions\":[\"Se la rottura \u00e8 vicino al connettore si pu\u00f2 accorciare la coda; altrimenti membrana nuova\",\"Controlla anche i contatti a molla del connettore\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"qlmdv\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: microdrive\",\"checks\":[\"Non c'\u00e8 cinghia: il nastro \u00e8 trascinato da un rullino di gomma sull'albero del motore, che si consuma o sale lungo l'albero\",\"Manuale: controlla TR6\/TR7, IC29\/IC30, la ZX8302, il microinterruttore e la posizione del motore; la testina non si sostituisce\"],\"solutions\":[\"Rimetti a posto, gira o sostituisci il rullino; pulisci la testina\",\"Per non dipendere dai microdrive esistono interfacce a scheda SD\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"diagrom\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ROM e cartucce di diagnostica\",\"checks\":[\"Spectrum: ZX-Diagnostics di Brendan Alford (gratuita): file testrom.bin da masterizzare, oppure testram.tap da caricare con DivMMC\",\"Spectrum: in alternativa la DiagROM di Retroleum, gi\u00e0 pronta sulle sue schede ROM e sulla SMART Card\",\"QL: la Bare Metal Diagnostic ROM di Stephen Usher gira anche senza RAM e scrive i risultati su SER2 a 4800 baud\",\"QL: Minerva ha un test della RAM pi\u00f9 completo che indica il chip guasto\"],\"solutions\":[\"Nella sezione \\\"ROM diagnostiche e Minerva\\\" pi\u00f9 sotto trovi come montarle e come leggere i risultati\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"finalTest\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Collaudo finale\",\"checks\":[\"Misura le alimentazioni: 5 V sulla scheda; sul 48K anche +12 V e \u22125 V sulle 4116\",\"Lascia girare la diagnostica in prova continua (tasto S all'accensione con ZX-Diagnostics) per almeno un'ora\",\"Prova tutti i tasti, il caricamento da nastro, il suono e un paio di giochi da 48K e 128K\",\"QL: test della RAM di Minerva all'avvio, tastiera, suono (BEEP), microdrive e seriale\"],\"solutions\":[\"Monta su zoccolo i chip sostituiti e annota cosa hai cambiato dentro il computer\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"}}<\/script>\r\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"rfdCfg\">{\"chipNote\":\"\",\"boards\":[{\"id\":\"zx48\",\"label\":\"Spectrum 16K\/48K\",\"groups\":[[\"Cuore del sistema\",[[\"ULA\",\"6C001E-7 \u00b7 5C112E\",\"Video, tastiera, suono\",\"Genera immagine e clock, legge tastiera e registratore. Scalda molto. La 6C001E-7 va bene su tutte le Issue.\",\"\\\\bULA\\\\b\"],[\"Z80A\",\"IC2\",\"CPU 3,5 MHz\",\"Il processore, spesso su zoccolo.\",\"\\\\bZ80\\\\b|\\\\bCPU\\\\b\"],[\"ROM\",\"23128 \u00b7 IC5\",\"BASIC 16K\",\"ROM a maschera. Si sostituisce con una 27C128\/27C256 con qualche modifica (ponticelli H\/N, pin 1, 20 e 27).\",\"23128|27C128|\\\\bROM\\\\b(?! di diagnostica)(?<!diagnostic ROM)\"]]],[\"Memoria\",[[\"RAM bassa\",\"4116 \u00d78 \u00b7 IC6\u2013IC13\",\"16K, +12 V e \u22125 V\",\"Usano +5, +12 e \u22125 V. Bit 0 = IC6 \u2026 bit 7 = IC13. Pin 1 \u22125 V, pin 8 +12 V, pin 9 +5 V, pin 16 massa.\",\"4116|IC6|IC13|RAM bass|lower RAM\"],[\"RAM alta\",\"4532 \u00b7 3732 \u00d78 \u00b7 IC15\u2013IC22\",\"32K del 48K\",\"Chip 64K usati a met\u00e0; si possono sostituire con 4164. Bit 0 = IC15 \u2026 bit 7 = IC22.\",\"4532|3732|IC15|IC22|RAM alta|upper RAM|upper 32K|32K alti\"],[\"74LS157\",\"IC3 \u00b7 IC4 \u00b7 IC25 \u00b7 IC26\",\"Multiplexer indirizzi\",\"Portano gli indirizzi alle RAM basse (IC3, IC4) e alte (IC25, IC26).\",\"74LS157|IC25|IC26|\\\\bIC3\\\\b\"],[\"74LS32\/00\",\"IC23 \u00b7 IC24\",\"Selezione RAM alta\",\"Logica che sceglie la met\u00e0 dei chip 4532\/3732.\",\"74LS32|74LS00|IC23|IC24\"]]],[\"Alimentazione e video\",[[\"7805\",\"REG\",\"+5 V\",\"Regolatore dei 5 V sul dissipatore. Muore con l'alimentatore al contrario.\",\"7805\"],[\"TR4\/TR5\",\"ZTX650 \u00b7 ZTX213 \u00b7 L1\",\"+12 V e \u22125 V\",\"Il convertitore DC-DC per le 4116: transistor, bobina toroidale L1, diodi D15\/D17, zener D19, C44.\",\"TR4|TR5|DC-DC|ZTX|convertitore|converter|\u22125 V|-5 V\"],[\"LM1889\",\"IC14\",\"Colore PAL\",\"Codificatore del colore; vuole i 12 V sul pin 14.\",\"LM1889|IC14|SN94459\"],[\"TR1\/TR2\",\"Video\",\"Uscita video\",\"Transistor del segnale video verso il modulatore.\",\"TR1|TR2\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"zx128\",\"label\":\"128 \/ +2\",\"groups\":[[\"Sistema\",[[\"ULA\",\"7K010E-5 \u00b7 40056\",\"Video e I\/O\",\"Le due versioni sono intercambiabili.\",\"\\\\bULA\\\\b\"],[\"HAL10H8\",\"PAL\",\"Paginazione\",\"Gestisce i banchi di memoria; ha due difetti noti (porta 7FFD, \\\"pioggia\\\").\",\"HAL|PAL\"],[\"ROM\",\"27256 \u00b7 IC5 (128) \u00b7 IC8 (+2)\",\"32K\",\"Un'unica ROM da 32K.\",\"\\\\bROM\\\\b\"],[\"AY-3-8912\",\"PSG\",\"Suono a 3 voci\",\"Il generatore sonoro dei modelli 128.\",\"AY-3\"]]],[\"Memoria e video\",[[\"RAM\",\"4164 \u00d716\",\"128K\",\"128: IC6\u2013IC13 e IC15\u2013IC22. +2: banco basso IC32 \u2026 IC25.\",\"4164\"],[\"TEA2000\",\"+2\",\"Colore PAL\",\"Codificatore del colore del +2 grigio.\",\"TEA2000\"],[\"7805\",\"L78S05\",\"+5 V\",\"Sul 128 lavora al limite: si pu\u00f2 montare un L78S05 da 2 A.\",\"7805|L78S05\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"zxp3\",\"label\":\"+2A \/ +2B \/ +3\",\"groups\":[[\"Sistema\",[[\"40077\",\"Gate array QFP\",\"ULA + PAL + HAL\",\"Il gate array Amstrad fa tutto: video, I\/O e paginazione.\",\"40077|gate array\"],[\"ROM A\/B\",\"40092 \u00b7 40093\",\"2 \u00d7 32K\",\"Sostituibili con due 27C256.\",\"40092|40093\"],[\"RAM\",\"41464 \u00b7 IC3 \u00b7 IC4\",\"64K\u00d74\",\"Banco basso: IC3 bit 0\u20133, IC4 bit 4\u20137.\",\"41464|4464\"],[\"uPD765\",\"+3\",\"Controller floppy\",\"Gestisce il drive da 3\\\" del +3.\",\"765|drive\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"zx81\",\"label\":\"ZX80 \/ ZX81\",\"groups\":[[\"ZX81\",[[\"ULA\",\"2C158 \u00b7 2C184E \u00b7 2C210E\",\"Video e I\/O\",\"Stessa piedinatura per tutte; la 2C184E d\u00e0 un'immagine scura sui televisori moderni.\",\"2C1|\\\\bULA\\\\b\"],[\"Z80A\",\"3,25 MHz\",\"CPU\",\"Spesso NEC.\",\"Z80\"],[\"ROM\",\"2364 \u00b7 8K\",\"BASIC\",\"Somma degli 8192 byte: 835106 o 854885.\",\"2364\"],[\"RAM\",\"4118 \u00b7 2\u00d7 2114\",\"1K\",\"Un 4118 da 1K\u00d78 o due 2114.\",\"4118|2114\"]]],[\"ZX80\",[[\"\u00b5PD780C-1\",\"Z80\",\"CPU\",\"Nessuna ULA: il video lo fanno circa 18 chip TTL.\",\"780C\"],[\"ROM\",\"4K\",\"BASIC intero\",\"ROM da 4K tipo 2532.\",\"2532\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"ql\",\"label\":\"QL\",\"groups\":[[\"Sistema\",[[\"68008\",\"IC18\",\"CPU\",\"Processore a 8 bit esterni; DTACK sul pin 31.\",\"68008|IC18\"],[\"ZX8301\",\"IC22\",\"Video e RAM\",\"Genera immagine, RAS\/CAS e refresh delle RAM.\",\"8301|IC22\"],[\"ZX8302\",\"IC23\",\"Periferiche\",\"Microdrive, seriale in uscita, orologio, rete; parla con l'IPC.\",\"8302|IC23\"],[\"IPC 8049\",\"IC24\",\"Tastiera, suono, seriale\",\"Microcontrollore per tastiera, suono e seriale in ingresso.\",\"IPC|8049|IC24\"]]],[\"Memoria e ROM\",[[\"RAM\",\"4164 \u00d716 \u00b7 IC1\u2013IC16\",\"128K\",\"Due banchi: IC1\u20138 e IC9\u201316.\",\"IC1\u2013IC16|IC1-IC16|4164\"],[\"ROM\",\"IC33 32K \u00b7 IC34 16K\",\"QDOS e SuperBASIC\",\"Sostituibili con Minerva su una 27C512 con adattatore.\",\"IC33|IC34|Minerva\"],[\"7805\",\"IC35\",\"+5 V\",\"Scalda molto; 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'' : s).replace(\/[&<>\"']\/g, function (c) { return { '&': '&amp;', '<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', '\"': '&quot;', \"'\": '&#39;' }[c]; }); }\r\n  function norm(s) { return String(s || '').toLowerCase().normalize('NFD').replace(\/[\u0300-\u036f]\/g, ''); }\r\n  var TREE = JSON.parse($('rfdData').textContent);\r\n  var CFG = JSON.parse($('rfdCfg').textContent);\r\n  var SEV = { alta: ['#f94144', 'GRAVIT\u00c0 ALTA'], media: ['#ffd23f', 'GRAVIT\u00c0 MEDIA'], bassa: ['#5ad15f', 'GRAVIT\u00c0 BASSA'] };\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- icone pixel (12x12) ---------- *\/\r\n  var PIX = {\r\n    meter: ['.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.ab.cccc.ba.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.a..aaaa..a.', '.a.a....a.a.', '.a..aaaa..a.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '..d......e..', '..d......e..', '..d......e..'],\r\n    scope: ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'ab..c...c.ba', 'ab.c.c.c.cba', 'abc...c...ba', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'a.dd.dd.dd.a', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    probe: ['.......aa...', '......abba..', '.....abba...', '....abba....', '...abba.....', '..acca......', '.acca.......', 'acca........', 'aa..........', 'd...........', 'd...........', 'd...........'],\r\n    iron:  ['..........aa', '.........aba', '........aba.', '.......aba..', '......cca...', '.....cc.....', '....cc......', '...dd.......', '..dd........', '.dd.........', 'dd..........', 'd...........'],\r\n    cart:  ['.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.abccccccba.', '.abccccccba.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '..d.d.d.d...', '..d.d.d.d...', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    harness: ['aaa......aaa', 'aba......aba', 'aaa......aaa', '.c........c.', '.c........c.', '..cccccccc..', '............', 'aaa......aaa', 'aba......aba', 'aaa......aaa', '.d........d.', '.dddddddddd.'],\r\n    chip:  ['.d.d.d.d.d..', 'aaaaaaaaaaa.', 'abbbbbbbbbad', 'ab.......ba.', 'ab.ccccc.bad', 'ab.......ba.', 'abbbbbbbbbad', 'aaaaaaaaaaa.', '.d.d.d.d.d..', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    eprom: ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'ab.cccccc.ba', 'ab.c....c.ba', 'ab.cccccc.ba', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '.d.d.d.d.d.d', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    spray: ['....aa......', '...abba..c..', '....aa..c.c.', '...aaaa...c.', '..abbbba....', '..abbbba....', '..abccba....', '..abccba....', '..abbbba....', '..abbbba....', '..aaaaaa....', '............'],\r\n    therm: ['....aaa.....', '...abbba....', '...abcba....', '...abcba....', '...abcba....', '...abcba....', '..abcccba...', '.abcccccba..', '.abcccccba..', '..abcccba...', '...aaaaa....', '............'],\r\n    psu:   ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'ab.c.c.c..ba', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '.....dd.....', '.....d......', '.....d......', '....ddd.....', '....d.d.....', '............', '............'],\r\n    socket:['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'a.c.c.c.c.ca', 'a..........a', 'a.c.c.c.c.ca', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '.d.d.d.d.d.d', '............', '............', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    brush: ['..........aa', '.........aa.', '........aa..', '.......aa...', '......aa....', '.....bbb....', '....bbbbb...', '...ccccc....', '..ccccc.....', '.cccc.......', '............', '............'],\r\n    lens:  ['...aaaa.....', '..abbbba....', '.abccccba...', '.abccccba...', '.abccccba...', '..abbbba....', '...aaaa.d...', '........d...', '.........d..', '..........d.', '............', '............'],\r\n    book:  ['aaaaa.aaaaa.', 'abbba.abbba.', 'abbbaaabbba.', 'abbba.abbba.', 'abbba.abbba.', 'abbbaaabbba.', 'aaaaa.aaaaa.', '.....c......', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    people:['..aa....aa..', '.abba..abba.', '.abba..abba.', '..aa....aa..', '.aaaa..aaaa.', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '............', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    play:  ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'a..........a', 'a..b.......a', 'a..bbb.....a', 'a..bbbbb...a', 'a..bbb.....a', 'a..b.......a', 'a..........a', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '............', '............', '............']\r\n  };\r\n  function pix(name, col) {\r\n    var m = PIX[name] || PIX.chip, s = '', pal = { a: col, b: '#ffffff', c: '#5ad15f', d: '#9a9a9a', e: '#f94144' };\r\n    for (var y = 0; y < m.length; y++) for (var x = 0; x < m[y].length; x++) { var ch = m[y][x]; if (ch !== '.') s += '<rect x=\"' + x + '\" y=\"' + y + '\" width=\"1.02\" height=\"1.02\" fill=\"' + pal[ch] + '\"\/>'; }\r\n    return '<svg viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\">' + s + '<\/svg>';\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- attrezzatura ---------- *\/\r\n  var TOOLS = {\r\n    meter: ['Multimetro', 'meter', '#3fd8ff', 'Per misurare 5 V, 9 V AC e 12 V, verificare fusibili, cavi e continuit\u00e0 delle piste.'],\r\n    scope: ['Oscilloscopio', 'scope', '#5ad15f', 'Per vedere clock, segnali video e attivit\u00e0 sui bus: indispensabile per i guasti a schermo nero.'],\r\n    probe: ['Sonda logica', 'probe', '#ffd23f', 'Economica e veloce: dice se un pin \u00e8 alto, basso o \"si muove\". Utile su RAM, CPU e PLA.'],\r\n    deadtest: ['Cartuccia Dead Test', 'cart', '#e0398a', 'Parte anche senza KERNAL: prova RAM, ROM e Color RAM e lampeggia se lo schermo non si vede.'],\r\n    diag: ['Diagnostic 586220 + cavetti', 'harness', '#f8961e', 'Collaudo di tastiera, porte, CIA e SID con i connettori di loopback.'],\r\n    chiptester: ['Chip tester', 'chip', '#3fd8ff', 'Prova fuori dalla scheda RAM, ROM e logica 74xx, per esempio con un Retro Chip Tester.'],\r\n    eprom: ['Programmatore EPROM', 'eprom', '#5ad15f', 'Per sostituire BASIC, KERNAL e Character ROM con EPROM nuove (con adattatore).'],\r\n    iron: ['Saldatore e dissaldatore', 'iron', '#f94144', 'A temperatura controllata. Una pompetta o una stazione dissaldante salva le piste.'],\r\n    socket: ['Zoccoli torniti', 'socket', '#ffd23f', 'Da montare sui chip sostituiti: la prossima volta baster\u00e0 sfilarli.'],\r\n    alcohol: ['Alcool isopropilico e spazzolino', 'brush', '#3fd8ff', 'Per contatti ossidati di porte, connettori e tastiera.'],\r\n    spray: ['Spray congelante \/ aria calda', 'spray', '#5ad15f', 'Per i guasti che compaiono a caldo o a freddo: raffreddi un chip alla volta.'],\r\n    therm: ['Termometro IR o termocamera', 'therm', '#f8961e', 'Trova in pochi secondi il chip che scalda troppo (spesso quello in corto).'],\r\n    psu: ['Alimentatore sicuro', 'psu', '#e0398a', 'Moderno, con protezione da sovratensione: protegge il computer riparato.'],\r\n    lens: ['Lente o microscopio', 'lens', '#3fd8ff', 'Per trovare saldature fredde, piste interrotte e pin rotti.']\r\n  };\r\n  if (CFG.tools) Object.keys(CFG.tools).forEach(function (k) { if (CFG.tools[k]) TOOLS[k] = CFG.tools[k]; else delete TOOLS[k]; });\r\n  \/\/ attrezzatura, pagine collegate e video: regole dalla configurazione della macchina\r\n  function rules(list) { return (list || []).map(function (r) { return [new RegExp(r[0]), r[1]]; }); }\r\n  var EQUIP_RULES = rules(CFG.equip), LINK_RULES = rules(CFG.links), VIDEO_RULES = rules(CFG.videos);\r\n  var VIDEO_LABEL = CFG.videoLabels || {}; \/\/ etichette per i filtri del tipo \"?macchina=...\"\r\n  function equipFor(id) { for (var i = 0; i < EQUIP_RULES.length; i++) if (EQUIP_RULES[i][0].test(id)) return EQUIP_RULES[i][1]; return ['meter', 'iron']; }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- chip ---------- *\/\r\n  var BOARDS = CFG.boards, B0 = BOARDS[0].id, CHIPS = {};\r\n  BOARDS.forEach(function (b) { CHIPS[b.id] = b.groups.map(function (g) { return [g[0], g[1].map(function (c) { return [c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3], new RegExp(c[4])]; })]; }); });\r\n  $('rfdTabs').innerHTML = BOARDS.map(function (b, i) { return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"tab' + (i ? '' : ' on') + '\" data-b=\"' + b.id + '\">' + esc(b.label) + '<\/button>'; }).join('');\r\n  var board = B0, hotSet = [];\r\n  function renderBoard() {\r\n    $('rfdBoard').innerHTML = CHIPS[board].map(function (g, gi) {\r\n      return '<div class=\"grp\"><b>' + esc(g[0].toUpperCase()) + '<\/b><div class=\"row\">' + g[1].map(function (c, ci) {\r\n        var hot = hotSet.indexOf(gi + '-' + ci) >= 0;\r\n        return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"ic' + (hot ? ' hot' : '') + '\" data-c=\"' + gi + '-' + ci + '\"><span class=\"u\">' + esc(c[0]) + '<\/span><span class=\"p\">' + esc(c[1]) + '<\/span><span class=\"r\">' + esc(c[2]) + '<\/span><\/button>';\r\n      }).join('') + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n    }).join('');\r\n  }\r\n  function chipInfo(key) {\r\n    var p = key.split('-'), c = CHIPS[board][+p[0]][1][+p[1]];\r\n    $('rfdIcInfo').innerHTML = '<b>' + esc(c[0]) + ' \u00b7 ' + esc(c[1]) + '<\/b> \u2014 ' + esc(c[2]) + '<br>' + esc(c[3]);\r\n  }\r\n  function chipsInText(text) {\r\n    var out = [];\r\n    CHIPS[B0].forEach(function (g, gi) { g[1].forEach(function (c, ci) { if (c[4].test(text)) out.push(gi + '-' + ci); }); });\r\n    return out;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- schermate tipiche ---------- *\/\r\n  var SCR = CFG.screen;\r\n  function seeded(n) { var s = n; return function () { s = (s * 9301 + 49297) % 233280; return s \/ 233280; }; }\r\n  var PAL = ['#000000', '#ffffff', '#883932', '#67b6bd', '#8b3f96', '#55a049', '#40318d', '#bfce72', '#8b5429', '#574200', '#b86962', '#505050', '#787878', '#94e089', '#7869c4', '#9f9f9f'];\r\n  var GLYPH = '\u2580\u2584\u2588\u258c\u2590\u2591\u2592\u2593\u25a0\u25a1\u25aa\u25c6\u25c7\u25cb\u25cf\u25d8\u25d9\u2660\u2663\u2665\u2666\u2571\u2572\u2573\u253c\u2524\u251c\u252c\u2534\u2502\u2500';\r\n  function scrGarbage(seed, cols, rows) {\r\n    var r = seeded(seed), lines = [];\r\n    for (var y = 0; y < rows; y++) { var l = ''; for (var x = 0; x < cols; x++) l += GLYPH[Math.floor(r() * GLYPH.length)]; lines.push(l); }\r\n    return lines.join('\\n');\r\n  }\r\n  function colorize(text, seed) {\r\n    var r = seeded(seed);\r\n    return text.split('').map(function (ch) { return ch === '\\n' || ch === ' ' ? ch : '<span style=\"color:' + PAL[1 + Math.floor(r() * 15)] + '\">' + esc(ch) + '<\/span>'; }).join('');\r\n  }\r\n  function charrom(text) { var map = '\u2592\u2593\u259a\u259e\u2599\u259f\u259b\u259c\u25a0\u25d8'; return esc(text).replace(\/[A-Z0-9*.()]\/g, function (c) { return map[c.charCodeAt(0) % map.length]; }); }\r\n  function screenHtml(s) {\r\n    if (s.kind === 'nosignal') return '<div class=\"scr nosig\"><b>' + esc(s.label || 'NESSUN SEGNALE') + '<\/b><\/div>';\r\n    if (s.kind === 'black') return '<div class=\"scr black\"><div class=\"in\"><\/div><\/div>';\r\n    var cols = s.cols || SCR.cols, text = (s.lines || SCR.boot).join('\\n') + (s.cursor === false ? '' : '\\n\u2588');\r\n    var fs = Math.min(8.5, 84 \/ (cols * 0.5)).toFixed(2);\r\n    var inner = s.kind === 'blank' ? '' : s.kind === 'garbage' ? scrGarbage(s.seed || 7, cols, s.rows || 12) : s.kind === 'charrom' ? charrom(text) : s.kind === 'colorize' ? colorize(text, s.seed || 3) : esc(text);\r\n    return '<div class=\"scr' + (s.kind === 'jail' ? ' jail' : '') + '\" style=\"background:' + (s.border || SCR.border) + '\"><div class=\"in\" style=\"background-color:' + (s.bg || SCR.bg) + ';color:' + (s.ink || SCR.ink) + ';font-size:' + fs + 'cqw\">' + inner + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n  }\r\n  var SCREENS = CFG.screens.map(function (s) { return { t: s.t, d: s.d, go: s.go, html: screenHtml(s) }; });\r\n  $('rfdScreens').innerHTML = SCREENS.map(function (s, i) {\r\n    return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"scard\" data-go=\"' + s.go + '\"><div class=\"tv\">' + s.html + '<\/div><b>' + esc(s.t) + '<\/b><small>' + esc(s.d) + '<\/small><span class=\"go\">VAI ALLA DIAGNOSI \u25b6<\/span><\/button>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- periferiche, attrezzatura, documenti ---------- *\/\r\n  var PERIPH = CFG.periph;\r\n  $('rfdPeriph').innerHTML = PERIPH.map(function (p) {\r\n    var tag = p[5] ? 'a href=\"' + p[5] + '\"' : 'div';\r\n    return '<' + tag + ' class=\"card\" style=\"--acc:' + p[1] + '\"><div class=\"ct\">' + pix(p[0], p[1]) + '<div><h4>' + esc(p[2]) + '<\/h4><span class=\"tag\">' + esc(p[3]) + '<\/span><\/div><\/div><p>' + esc(p[4]) + '<\/p>' + (p[5] ? '<span class=\"dom\">' + esc(p[6]) + ' \u2192<\/span>' : '') + '<\/' + (p[5] ? 'a' : 'div') + '>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  $('rfdTools').innerHTML = Object.keys(TOOLS).map(function (k) {\r\n    var t = TOOLS[k];\r\n    return '<div class=\"card\" style=\"--acc:' + t[2] + '\"><div class=\"ct\">' + pix(t[1], t[2]) + '<h4>' + esc(t[0]) + '<\/h4><\/div><p>' + esc(t[3]) + '<\/p><\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  var DOCS = CFG.docs;\r\n  function host(u) { if (u.charAt(0) === '\/') return 'retrofixer.it'; try { return new URL(u).hostname.replace(\/^www\\.\/, ''); } catch (e) { return ''; } }\r\n  $('rfdDocs').innerHTML = DOCS.map(function (d) {\r\n    var ext = d[4].charAt(0) !== '\/';\r\n    return '<a class=\"card\" href=\"' + d[4] + '\"' + (ext ? ' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"' : '') + ' style=\"--acc:' + d[1] + '\"><div class=\"ct\">' + pix(d[0], d[1]) + '<h4>' + esc(d[2]) + '<\/h4><\/div><p>' + esc(d[3]) + '<\/p><span class=\"dom\">' + esc(host(d[4])) + (ext ? ' \u2197' : ' \u2192') + '<\/span><\/a>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- diagnosi guidata ---------- *\/\r\n  var path = ['start'];\r\n  var nodeCount = Object.keys(TREE).filter(function (k) { return !TREE[k].question; }).length;\r\n  $('rfdCount').innerHTML = nodeCount + ' DIAGNOSI<small>SYSTEM READY.<\/small>';\r\n  function title(id) { var n = TREE[id]; if (!n) return id; if (id === 'start') return 'Avvio'; return n.diagnosis || n.question; }\r\n  function shortT(s) { s = String(s); return s.length > 38 ? s.slice(0, 36) + '\u2026' : s; }\r\n  function li(line) {\r\n    var t = String(line);\r\n    if (!t.trim()) return '';\r\n    var m = \/^\\s*(?:\u2022|-|\u2013)\\s*(.*)$\/.exec(t);\r\n    if (\/^\\s{2,}\/.test(t) || (m && \/^\\s\/.test(t))) return '<li class=\"sub\">' + esc(m ? m[1] : t.trim()) + '<\/li>';\r\n    if (\/^\\s*(POKE|SYS|LOAD|PRINT)\\b\/.test(t)) return '<li class=\"code\">' + esc(t.trim()) + '<\/li>';\r\n    if (\/:\\s*$\/.test(t)) return '<li class=\"head\">' + esc(t.trim()) + '<\/li>';\r\n    return '<li>' + esc(m ? m[1] : t) + '<\/li>';\r\n  }\r\n  function render(scroll) {\r\n    var id = path[path.length - 1], n = TREE[id];\r\n    if (!n) { path = ['start']; id = 'start'; n = TREE.start; }\r\n    $('rfdCrumbs').innerHTML = path.map(function (p, i) {\r\n      var last = i === path.length - 1;\r\n      return (i ? '<span>\u203a<\/span>' : '') + (last ? '<span class=\"here\">' + esc(shortT(title(p))) + '<\/span>' : '<button type=\"button\" data-crumb=\"' + i + '\">' + esc(shortT(title(p))) + '<\/button>');\r\n    }).join('');\r\n    $('rfdBack').disabled = path.length < 2;\r\n    var html = '';\r\n    if (n.question) {\r\n      html = '<div class=\"c64\"><div class=\"ready\">0 OK, 0:1<\/div><div class=\"qq\">? ' + esc(n.question) + '<\/div>' +\r\n        (n.info ? '<div class=\"info\"><b>' + esc(n.info.title) + '<\/b>' + n.info.content.map(function (l) { return l ? esc(l) + '<br>' : '<br>'; }).join('') + '<\/div>' : '') +\r\n        '<div class=\"opts\">' + n.options.map(function (o, i) { return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"opt\" data-next=\"' + esc(o.next) + '\"><span class=\"n\">' + (i < 9 ? (i + 1) : '\u00b7') + '.<\/span><span>' + esc(o.label) + '<\/span><\/button>'; }).join('') + '<\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"ready\" style=\"margin-top:12px\">PREMI 1-' + Math.min(9, n.options.length) + ' <span class=\"cur\"><\/span><\/div><\/div>';\r\n      hotSet = []; renderBoard();\r\n    } else {\r\n      var sev = SEV[n.severity] || ['#7c70da', 'DIAGNOSI'];\r\n      var text = [n.diagnosis].concat(n.checks || [], n.solutions || [], n.notes || [], (n.chipLocations && n.chipLocations.positions) || []).join(' ');\r\n      var chips = chipsInText(text);\r\n      var eq = equipFor(id), links = [], video = null;\r\n      LINK_RULES.forEach(function (r) { if (r[0].test(id)) links = links.concat(r[1]); });\r\n      for (var v = 0; v < VIDEO_RULES.length; v++) if (VIDEO_RULES[v][0].test(id)) { video = VIDEO_RULES[v][1]; break; }\r\n      html = '<div class=\"dg\"><div class=\"dg-head\" style=\"--sev:' + sev[0] + '\"><h3>' + esc(n.diagnosis) + '<\/h3><span class=\"sev\">' + sev[1] + '<\/span><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"cols\"><div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#3fd8ff\"><h4>\ud83d\udd0d VERIFICHE DA FARE<\/h4><ul>' + (n.checks || []).map(li).join('') + '<\/ul><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#5ad15f\"><h4>\ud83d\udd27 POSSIBILI SOLUZIONI<\/h4><ul>' + (n.solutions || []).map(li).join('') + '<\/ul><\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        (n.chipLocations ? '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#c09bff\"><h4>\ud83d\udccd ' + esc(n.chipLocations.title.toUpperCase()) + '<\/h4><ul>' + n.chipLocations.positions.map(li).join('') + '<\/ul><\/div>' : '') +\r\n        (n.notes ? '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#ffd23f\"><h4>\ud83d\udcdd NOTE<\/h4><p>' + esc(n.notes) + '<\/p><\/div>' : '') +\r\n        (chips.length ? '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#ffd23f\"><h4>\ud83d\udd32 CHIP COINVOLTI' + (CFG.chipNote ? ' (' + esc(CFG.chipNote) + ')' : '') + '<\/h4><div class=\"chips\">' + chips.map(function (k) { var p = k.split('-'), c = CHIPS[B0][+p[0]][1][+p[1]]; return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"chip\" data-chip=\"' + k + '\"><span class=\"u\">' + esc(c[0]) + '<\/span>' + esc(c[2]) + '<\/button>'; }).join('') + '<\/div><\/div>' : '') +\r\n        '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#f8961e\"><h4>\ud83e\uddf0 ATTREZZATURA PER QUESTA RICERCA<\/h4><div class=\"tools\">' + eq.map(function (k) { var t = TOOLS[k]; return '<div class=\"tool\">' + pix(t[1], t[2]) + '<span>' + esc(t[0]) + '<\/span><\/div>'; }).join('') + '<\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        ((links.length || video) ? '<div class=\"links\">' + links.map(function (l) { return '<a class=\"btn\" href=\"' + l[1] + '\">' + esc(l[0]) + '<\/a>'; }).join('') + (video ? '<a class=\"btn r\" href=\"\/videoteca\/' + (video.charAt(0) === '?' ? video : '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(video)) + '\">\u25b6 VIDEO: ' + esc((VIDEO_LABEL['' + video] || video).toUpperCase()) + '<\/a>' : '') + '<\/div>' : '') +\r\n        '<\/div>';\r\n      if (board !== B0) { board = B0; root.querySelectorAll('.tab').forEach(function (t) { t.classList.toggle('on', t.dataset.b === B0); }); }\r\n      hotSet = chips; renderBoard();\r\n    }\r\n    $('rfdStep').innerHTML = html;\r\n    writeUrl(id);\r\n    if (scroll) $('rfd-diagnosi').scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\r\n  }\r\n  function go(id, scroll) {\r\n    if (!TREE[id]) return;\r\n    var i = path.indexOf(id);\r\n    if (i >= 0) path = path.slice(0, i + 1); else path.push(id);\r\n    render(scroll);\r\n  }\r\n  function jump(id) { path = ['start']; if (id !== 'start') path = pathTo(id) || ['start', id]; render(true); }\r\n  \/\/ percorso dalla domanda iniziale fino a un nodo (per le scorciatoie)\r\n  function pathTo(target) {\r\n    var seen = {}, q = [['start']];\r\n    while (q.length) {\r\n      var p = q.shift(), last = p[p.length - 1];\r\n      if (last === target) return p;\r\n      if (seen[last]) continue; seen[last] = 1;\r\n      var n = TREE[last]; if (n && n.options) n.options.forEach(function (o) { q.push(p.concat(o.next)); });\r\n    }\r\n    return null;\r\n  }\r\n  function writeUrl(id) {\r\n    var p = new URLSearchParams(location.search);\r\n    if (id && id !== 'start') p.set('passo', id); else p.delete('passo');\r\n    var s = p.toString();\r\n    try { history.replaceState(null, '', location.pathname + (s ? '?' + s : '') + location.hash); } catch (e) { \/* ignora *\/ }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- ricerca ---------- *\/\r\n  var INDEX = Object.keys(TREE).map(function (k) {\r\n    var n = TREE[k];\r\n    return { id: k, t: title(k), d: !n.question, text: norm([title(k)].concat(n.checks || [], n.solutions || [], n.notes || [], (n.options || []).map(function (o) { return o.label; })).join(' ')) };\r\n  }).filter(function (x) { return x.id !== 'start'; });\r\n  function search(q) {\r\n    var words = norm(q).split(\/\\s+\/).filter(function (w) { return w.length > 1; });\r\n    if (!words.length) { $('rfdRes').innerHTML = ''; return; }\r\n    var res = INDEX.map(function (x) {\r\n      var s = 0; for (var i = 0; i < words.length; i++) { if (x.text.indexOf(words[i]) < 0) return null; if (norm(x.t).indexOf(words[i]) >= 0) s += 3; s += 1; }\r\n      return { x: x, s: s + (x.d ? 1 : 0) };\r\n    }).filter(Boolean).sort(function (a, b) { return b.s - a.s; }).slice(0, 8);\r\n    $('rfdRes').innerHTML = res.length ? res.map(function (r) {\r\n      return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"res\" data-jump=\"' + r.x.id + '\"><span class=\"tp' + (r.x.d ? ' d' : '') + '\">' + (r.x.d ? 'DIAGNOSI' : 'DOMANDA') + '<\/span>' + esc(r.x.t) + '<\/button>';\r\n    }).join('') : '<div class=\"res\" style=\"cursor:default\">?NOT FOUND \u2014 prova con un\\'altra parola, per esempio \"schermo\", \"suono\", \"tastiera\".<\/div>';\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- eventi ---------- *\/\r\n  var st;\r\n  $('rfdQ').addEventListener('input', function (e) { clearTimeout(st); st = setTimeout(function () { search(e.target.value); }, 120); });\r\n  root.addEventListener('click', function (e) {\r\n    var t;\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-next]'))) { go(t.dataset.next, false); var f = $('rfdStep').querySelector('.opt, .dg-head'); if (f) $('rfd-diagnosi').scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-crumb]'))) { path = path.slice(0, +t.dataset.crumb + 1); render(false); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-go]'))) { jump(t.dataset.go); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-jump]'))) { $('rfdRes').innerHTML = ''; $('rfdQ').value = ''; jump(t.dataset.jump); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-chip]'))) { chipInfo(t.dataset.chip); $('rfd-chip').scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('.ic'))) { chipInfo(t.dataset.c); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('.tab'))) { board = t.dataset.b; root.querySelectorAll('.tab').forEach(function (x) { x.classList.toggle('on', x === t); }); hotSet = board === B0 ? hotSet : []; renderBoard(); $('rfdIcInfo').textContent = 'Seleziona un chip per vedere i dettagli.'; return; }\r\n  });\r\n  $('rfdBack').onclick = function () { if (path.length > 1) { path.pop(); render(false); } };\r\n  $('rfdRestart').onclick = function () { path = ['start']; render(true); };\r\n  $('rfdShare').onclick = function () {\r\n    var url = location.href, done = function () { toast('LINK COPIATO.'); };\r\n    if (navigator.clipboard && navigator.clipboard.writeText) navigator.clipboard.writeText(url).then(done, function () { prompt('Copia il link:', url); });\r\n    else prompt('Copia il link:', url);\r\n  };\r\n  document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {\r\n    if (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('input, textarea, select, [contenteditable]')) return;\r\n    if (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey || !\/^[1-9]$\/.test(e.key)) return;\r\n    var r = $('rfd-diagnosi').getBoundingClientRect();\r\n    if (r.bottom < 0 || r.top > innerHeight) return;\r\n    var b = $('rfdStep').querySelectorAll('.opt')[+e.key - 1];\r\n    if (b) { e.preventDefault(); b.click(); }\r\n  });\r\n  var tt;\r\n  function toast(m) { var t = $('rfdToast'); t.textContent = m; t.classList.add('show'); clearTimeout(tt); tt = setTimeout(function () { t.classList.remove('show'); }, 1800); }\r\n\r\n  var start = new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('passo');\r\n  renderBoard();\r\n  if (start && TREE[start]) { path = pathTo(start) || ['start', start]; render(false); setTimeout(function () { $('rfd-diagnosi').scrollIntoView({ block: 'start' }); }, 300); }\r\n  else render(false);\r\n})();\r\n\r\n}<\/script>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script type=\"text\/plain\" class=\"rf-en-src\" data-no-translation><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Press+Start+2P&family=VT323&family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n.rfd{\r\n  --bg:#0f0c24; --bg2:#171338; --panel:#1d1846; --line:#342c74; --text:#eceaff; --muted:#aaa5d8;\r\n  --c64:#3e31a2; --c64l:#7c70da; --ink:#b3abff; --mag:#e0398a; --yel:#ffd23f; --grn:#5ad15f; --cya:#3fd8ff; --ora:#f8961e; --red:#f94144;\r\n  font-family:'Inter',system-ui,-apple-system,Segoe UI,Roboto,sans-serif; color:var(--text); background:var(--bg); line-height:1.55;\r\n  position:relative; padding:44px 0 70px; overflow:hidden;\r\n}\r\n.rfd *,.rfd *::before,.rfd *::after{box-sizing:border-box}\r\n.rfd h2,.rfd h3,.rfd h4,.rfd p,.rfd ul,.rfd ol{margin:0;padding:0}\r\n.rfd h2,.rfd h3,.rfd h4{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif!important;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none;font-weight:700}\r\n.rfd a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}\r\n.rfd button,.rfd input{font:inherit;color:inherit}\r\n.rfd button{cursor:pointer}\r\n\/* il tema centra il contenuto di tutti i pulsanti: qui lo rimettiamo a posto *\/\r\n.rfd .opt,.rfd .res{justify-content:flex-start!important;text-align:left!important}\r\n.rfd .opt{align-items:baseline!important}\r\n.rfd .ic{display:block!important;text-align:left!important;height:auto!important;line-height:1.3!important}\r\n.rfd [hidden]{display:none!important}\r\n.rfd .wrap{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px}\r\n.rfd .stripe{height:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--red) 0 16.6%,var(--ora) 0 33.3%,var(--yel) 0 50%,var(--grn) 0 66.6%,var(--cya) 0 83.3%,var(--c64l) 0);position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0}\r\n.rfd .kicker{display:inline-block;font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace;font-size:10px;color:var(--yel);letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.rfd .h2{font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace!important;font-size:clamp(17px,2.4vw,26px);line-height:1.45;color:#fff;text-shadow:3px 3px 0 #000;margin-bottom:10px;font-weight:400}\r\n.rfd .h3{font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace!important;font-size:clamp(13px,1.6vw,16px);line-height:1.5;color:#fff;margin-bottom:8px;font-weight:400}\r\n.rfd .sub{color:var(--muted);font-size:15.5px;max-width:720px}\r\n.rfd section{margin-top:56px}\r\n.rfd .head{margin-bottom:20px}\r\n\r\n\/* intestazione *\/\r\n.rfd .top{display:flex;gap:24px;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:22px}\r\n.rfd .lcd{font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:24px;line-height:1.05;color:var(--grn);background:#05040f;border:2px solid #000;border-radius:8px;padding:10px 14px;text-shadow:0 0 6px rgba(90,209,95,.6);white-space:nowrap}\r\n.rfd .lcd small{font-size:17px;color:#3f8f43;display:block}\r\n.rfd .nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-bottom:18px}\r\n.rfd .nav a{font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:var(--muted);border:2px solid var(--line);background:var(--panel);border-radius:999px;padding:6px 12px;transition:color .15s,border-color .15s}\r\n.rfd .nav a:hover{color:#fff;border-color:var(--c64l)}\r\n\r\n\/* ricerca *\/\r\n.rfd .term{background:var(--c64);border:10px solid var(--c64l);border-radius:12px;padding:12px 16px;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #000,0 18px 40px rgba(0,0,0,.45);position:relative}\r\n.rfd .term::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;pointer-events:none;background:repeating-linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.14) 0 1px,transparent 1px 3px)}\r\n.rfd .term label{display:block;font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:20px;color:var(--ink)}\r\n.rfd .qrow{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px}\r\n.rfd .qrow span{font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:28px;color:#fff}\r\n.rfd .q{flex:1;min-width:0;background:transparent;border:0;outline:0;font-family:'VT323',monospace!important;font-size:28px;color:#fff;caret-color:#fff;padding:2px 0;text-transform:uppercase}\r\n.rfd .q::placeholder{color:#8e86e0;text-transform:none}\r\n.rfd .results{display:grid;gap:6px;margin-top:10px}\r\n.rfd .res{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;text-align:left;background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;padding:10px 12px;color:#fff;font-size:14px}\r\n.rfd .res:hover,.rfd .res:focus-visible{border-color:var(--yel);outline:0}\r\n.rfd .res .tp{font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace;font-size:7px;padding:4px 6px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--c64l);color:#15102e;flex:none}\r\n.rfd .res .tp.d{background:var(--grn)}\r\n.rfd .res mark{background:var(--yel);color:#15102e;border-radius:2px;padding:0 1px}\r\n\r\n\/* schermate tipiche *\/\r\n.rfd .screens{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px}\r\n.rfd .scard{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch!important;gap:10px;text-align:left;background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:12px;transition:transform .18s,border-color .18s,box-shadow .18s}\r\n.rfd .scard:hover,.rfd .scard:focus-visible{transform:translateY(-4px);border-color:var(--yel);box-shadow:0 12px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.45);outline:0}\r\n.rfd .tv{position:relative;width:100%;aspect-ratio:4\/3;border-radius:10px;background:#111;padding:6%;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 3px #000;container-type:inline-size;overflow:hidden}\r\n.rfd .tv::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;pointer-events:none;background:repeating-linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.18) 0 1px,transparent 1px 3px),radial-gradient(ellipse at center,transparent 60%,rgba(0,0,0,.45) 100%)}\r\n.rfd .scr{position:absolute;inset:0;background:#7c70da;padding:9% 7%}\r\n.rfd .scr .in{width:100%;height:100%;background:#3e31a2;color:#b3abff;font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:4.7cqw;line-height:1.02;white-space:pre;overflow:hidden;padding:1% 1.5%}\r\n.rfd .scr.black,.rfd .scr.black .in{background:#000}\r\n.rfd .scr.nosig{background:#000;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.rfd .scr.nosig b{font-family:'Inter',sans-serif;font-size:5.5cqw;color:#fff;background:#1d4fd8;padding:3% 6%;border-radius:4px}\r\n.rfd .scr.jail .in{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,.09) 0 2.5%,transparent 2.5% 6%)}\r\n.rfd .scard b{font-size:14.5px;color:#fff;line-height:1.3}\r\n.rfd .scard small{font-size:12.5px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.4}\r\n.rfd .scard .go{font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace;font-size:8px;color:var(--yel);margin-top:auto}\r\n\r\n\/* diagnosi guidata *\/\r\n.rfd .wiz{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:14px}\r\n.rfd .crumbs{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px;align-items:center;font-size:12.5px}\r\n.rfd .crumbs button{background:none;border:0;color:var(--cya);padding:2px 0;font-weight:600}\r\n.rfd .crumbs button:hover{text-decoration:underline}\r\n.rfd .crumbs span{color:var(--muted)}\r\n.rfd .crumbs .here{color:#fff;font-weight:700}\r\n.rfd .c64{background:var(--c64);border:16px solid var(--c64l);border-radius:14px;padding:20px 22px;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #000,0 24px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.5);position:relative;color:var(--ink);font-family:'VT323',monospace}\r\n.rfd .c64::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;pointer-events:none;background:repeating-linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.12) 0 1px,transparent 1px 3px)}\r\n.rfd .c64 .ready{font-size:22px;margin-bottom:6px}\r\n.rfd .c64 .qq{font-size:clamp(22px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.2;color:#fff;margin-bottom:14px}\r\n.rfd .c64 .info{background:rgba(0,0,0,.22);border:2px dashed var(--ink);border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:19px;line-height:1.25}\r\n.rfd .c64 .info b{display:block;color:#fff;margin-bottom:4px;font-weight:400}\r\n.rfd .opts{display:grid;gap:8px;position:relative;z-index:1}\r\n.rfd .opt{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:baseline;text-align:left;background:transparent;border:2px solid var(--ink);border-radius:6px;padding:8px 12px;color:#fff;font-family:'VT323',monospace!important;font-size:21px;line-height:1.15;transition:background .1s,color .1s}\r\n.rfd .opt:hover,.rfd .opt:focus-visible{background:var(--ink);color:var(--c64);outline:0}\r\n.rfd .opt .n{flex:none;color:var(--yel)}\r\n.rfd .opt:hover .n,.rfd .opt:focus-visible .n{color:var(--c64)}\r\n.rfd .cur{display:inline-block;width:.55em;height:1em;background:currentColor;vertical-align:-.12em;animation:rfd-blink 1s steps(1) infinite}\r\n@keyframes rfd-blink{50%{opacity:0}}\r\n.rfd .acts{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}\r\n.rfd .btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace;font-size:9px;padding:12px 14px;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid var(--line);background:rgba(255,255,255,.04);color:#fff;transition:transform .12s,filter .12s}\r\n.rfd .btn:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);filter:brightness(1.15)}\r\n.rfd .btn.y{background:var(--yel);border-color:var(--yel);color:#231a00;box-shadow:0 4px 0 #a07d00}\r\n.rfd .btn.r{background:#ff0000;border-color:#ff0000;color:#fff;box-shadow:0 4px 0 #8a0000}\r\n\r\n\/* risultato *\/\r\n.rfd .dg{display:grid;gap:14px}\r\n.rfd .dg-head{display:flex;gap:14px;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--line);border-left:8px solid var(--sev);border-radius:12px;padding:16px 18px}\r\n.rfd .dg-head h3{font-size:clamp(18px,2.2vw,23px);color:#fff;line-height:1.3}\r\n.rfd .sev{font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace;font-size:8px;padding:6px 8px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--sev);color:#15102e;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.rfd .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px}\r\n.rfd .box{background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:16px 18px}\r\n.rfd .box h4{font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace!important;font-size:9px;font-weight:400;color:var(--acc,var(--yel));margin-bottom:12px;letter-spacing:.04em}\r\n.rfd .box ul{list-style:none;display:grid;gap:7px}\r\n.rfd .box li{font-size:14.5px;color:#dcd8f6;padding-left:18px;position:relative}\r\n.rfd .box li::before{content:\"\u25b8\";position:absolute;left:0;color:var(--acc,var(--yel))}\r\n.rfd .box li.sub{padding-left:34px;color:var(--muted)}\r\n.rfd .box li.sub::before{left:18px;content:\"\u00b7\"}\r\n.rfd .box li.head{padding-left:0;color:#fff;font-weight:600;margin-top:4px}\r\n.rfd .box li.head::before{display:none}\r\n.rfd .box li.code{font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:19px;color:var(--grn);padding-left:18px}\r\n.rfd .box li.code::before{content:\">\";color:var(--grn)}\r\n.rfd .box p{font-size:14.5px;color:#dcd8f6}\r\n.rfd .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px}\r\n.rfd .chip{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;border:2px solid var(--line);background:#15113a;border-radius:8px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#fff;transition:border-color .15s}\r\n.rfd .chip:hover{border-color:var(--yel)}\r\n.rfd .chip .u{font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:17px;color:var(--grn)}\r\n.rfd .tools{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:8px}\r\n.rfd .tool{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;background:#15113a;border:2px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;padding:8px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#fff}\r\n.rfd .tool svg{width:26px;height:26px;flex:none}\r\n.rfd .links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}\r\n\r\n\/* mappa chip *\/\r\n.rfd .tabs{display:flex;gap:8px;margin-bottom:14px}\r\n.rfd .tab{border:2px solid var(--line);background:var(--panel);border-radius:10px;padding:9px 14px;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:600;color:var(--muted)}\r\n.rfd .tab.on{border-color:var(--yel);color:#fff;background:#2a2350}\r\n.rfd .board{background:#0b3d1f;background-image:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,.04) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:18px 18px;\r\n  border:3px solid #062612;border-radius:14px;padding:18px;display:grid;gap:16px}\r\n.rfd .grp b{display:block;font-family:'Press Start 2P',monospace;font-size:8px;color:#a8f0b8;margin-bottom:8px}\r\n.rfd .grp .row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}\r\n.rfd .ic{position:relative;min-width:116px;flex:1 1 116px;max-width:200px;text-align:left;background:#151515;border:2px solid #000;border-radius:4px;padding:10px 10px 10px 14px;color:#e8e8e8;\r\n  box-shadow:0 3px 0 #000;transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s,outline-color .15s;outline:3px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px}\r\n.rfd .ic::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:5px;top:50%;width:5px;height:5px;margin-top:-2.5px;border-radius:50%;background:#444}\r\n.rfd .ic::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-5px;height:4px;background:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg,#c9c9c9 0 4px,transparent 4px 9px)}\r\n.rfd .ic .u{font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:20px;color:var(--grn);line-height:1}\r\n.rfd .ic .p{display:block;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;margin-top:2px}\r\n.rfd .ic .r{display:block;font-size:11.5px;color:#9a9a9a}\r\n.rfd .ic:hover{transform:translateY(-2px)}\r\n.rfd .ic.hot{outline-color:var(--yel);box-shadow:0 0 0 2px var(--yel),0 0 18px rgba(255,210,63,.55);animation:rfd-hot 1.2s ease-in-out infinite}\r\n@keyframes rfd-hot{50%{box-shadow:0 0 0 2px var(--yel),0 0 6px rgba(255,210,63,.2)}}\r\n.rfd .icinfo{margin-top:12px;background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:14px 16px;font-size:14.5px;color:#dcd8f6;min-height:64px}\r\n.rfd .icinfo b{color:#fff}\r\n\r\n\/* schede (periferiche, attrezzatura, link) *\/\r\n.rfd .cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:14px}\r\n.rfd .card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:16px;transition:border-color .15s,transform .15s}\r\n.rfd a.card:hover{border-color:var(--c64l);transform:translateY(-3px)}\r\n.rfd .card .ct{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center}\r\n.rfd .card svg{width:34px;height:34px;flex:none}\r\n.rfd .card h4{font-size:15px;color:#fff;line-height:1.3}\r\n.rfd .card .tag{font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--acc,var(--c64l));text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em}\r\n.rfd .card p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--muted)}\r\n.rfd .card .dom{font-size:11.5px;color:#6f68a8;margin-top:auto}\r\n.rfd .warn{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:flex-start;background:#2a0c14;border:2px solid #7a1d33;border-radius:12px;padding:14px 16px;font-size:14px;color:#ffd6e0;margin-top:16px}\r\n.rfd .warn b{color:#fff}\r\n.rfd .foot{margin-top:40px;font-size:13px;color:var(--muted);text-align:center}\r\n.rfd .toast{position:fixed;left:50%;bottom:22px;transform:translateX(-50%);background:#000;border:2px solid var(--grn);color:var(--grn);font-family:'VT323',monospace;font-size:20px;padding:8px 14px;border-radius:8px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s;pointer-events:none;z-index:50}\r\n.rfd .toast.show{opacity:1}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width:1024px){.rfd .screens{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.rfd .cards{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}}\r\n@media (max-width:760px){\r\n  .rfd .screens{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:12px}\r\n  .rfd .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n  .rfd .c64{border-width:10px;padding:14px}\r\n  .rfd .q,.rfd .qrow span{font-size:23px}\r\n}\r\n@media (max-width:480px){\r\n  .rfd{padding:30px 0 50px}\r\n  .rfd .wrap{padding:0 14px}\r\n  .rfd .cards{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n  .rfd 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.mach-l{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"rfd\" id=\"rfd\">\r\n  <div class=\"stripe\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <nav class=\"mach\" aria-label=\"Choose the computer\">\r\n      <span class=\"mach-t\">FIX YOUR SINCLAIR<\/span>\r\n      <div class=\"mach-l\"><a href=\"\/en\/guasti-commodore-vic-20\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#efe6cf\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"12\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b9ae93\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#fffaf0\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f8961e\"\/><rect x=\"5\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6b4a2b\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#e8a33d\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#e8a33d\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#e8a33d\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>VIC-20<\/b><small>1980 \u00b7 VIC-I<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/en\/guasti-commodore-64\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2\" y=\"3\" width=\"30\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b3a387\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#9c8c74\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"12\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6e6250\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f8961e\"\/><rect x=\"5\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3b2f24\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#c9bba0\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"9\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#c9bba0\"\/><rect x=\"29\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#c9bba0\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>C64<\/b><small>1982 \u00b7 VIC-II \/ SID<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/en\/guasti-commodore-128\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 68 28\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2\" y=\"3\" width=\"64\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"3\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#a6a193\"\/><rect x=\"55\" y=\"5\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"58\" y=\"5\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"9\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6e6a5f\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"10\" width=\"64\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#b8b09a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"8\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#f8961e\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><rect x=\"14\" y=\"11\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"11\" width=\"4\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#d8d0bb\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"14\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#6e6a5f\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"15\" width=\"64\" height=\"11\" fill=\"#ece4c6\"\/><rect x=\"2\" y=\"26\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b9ae93\"\/><rect x=\"5\" y=\"16\" width=\"42\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#2b241b\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"27\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"33\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"36\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"39\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"42\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"31\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"34\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"37\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"40\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"27\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"33\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"36\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"39\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"42\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"23\" width=\"20\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d9cfae\"\/><rect x=\"50\" y=\"16\" width=\"13\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#2b241b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"17\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"19\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"21\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><rect x=\"51\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"54\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"57\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#d4d4d4\"\/><rect x=\"60\" y=\"23\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8e897b\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>C128<\/b><small>1985 \u00b7 Z80 + 8502<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/en\/guasti-amiga\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#ece6d3\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"12\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#b9b19a\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#fffaf0\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"11\" width=\"12\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#55524a\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"6\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#ff8800\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"8\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#0055aa\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"8\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#5ad15f\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>Amiga<\/b><small>500 \u00b7 600 \u00b7 1200<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/en\/guasti-sinclair\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#1a1a1a\"\/><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"32\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#3a3a3a\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"6\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"7\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"13\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"16\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"19\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"8\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"3\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"6\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"12\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"10\" width=\"2\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><rect x=\"25\" y=\"10\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#d70000\"\/><rect x=\"26\" y=\"9\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd700\"\/><rect x=\"27\" y=\"8\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#00d700\"\/><rect x=\"28\" y=\"7\" width=\"1\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#00d7d7\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>Sinclair<\/b><small>ZX80 \u00b7 Spectrum \u00b7 QL<\/small><\/span><\/a><a href=\"\/en\/guasti-console\/\"><span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 34 14\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"5\" y=\"3\" width=\"24\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#5a5a6e\"\/><rect x=\"9\" y=\"6\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" fill=\"#eee\"\/><rect x=\"11\" y=\"4\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" fill=\"#eee\"\/><rect x=\"21\" y=\"5\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#f94144\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"7\" width=\"2\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#3fd8ff\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span><b>Console<\/b><small>Pong \u2192 PS2<\/small><\/span><\/a><\/div>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n    <div class=\"top\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">SINCLAIR FAULTS<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Sinclair Doctor: find the fault<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Start from what you see on the screen or answer a few questions: we'll tell you which chips to check, what equipment you need and how to proceed. For the ZX80, ZX81, ZX Spectrum 16K, 48K, 48K+, 128, +2, +2A, +2B, +3 and the Sinclair QL.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"lcd\" id=\"rfdCount\">--- DIAGNOSES<small>SYSTEM READY.<\/small><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <nav class=\"nav\" aria-label=\"Page sections\">\r\n      <a href=\"#rfd-schermi\">\ud83d\udcfa Screens<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-diagnosi\">\ud83e\ude7a Guided diagnosis<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-chip\">\ud83d\udd32 Chip map<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"#rfd-periferiche\">\ud83d\udd79 Test peripherals<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-attrezzi\">\ud83d\udd27 Equipment<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-schemi\">\ud83d\udcd0 Schematics and documents<\/a><a href=\"#rfd-diagrom\">\ud83e\uddea Diagnostic ROMs and Minerva<\/a>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"term\">\r\n      <label for=\"rfdQ\">LOAD \"SYMPTOM\"<\/label>\r\n      <div class=\"qrow\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&gt;<\/span>\r\n        <input class=\"q\" id=\"rfdQ\" type=\"search\" placeholder=\"e.g. 4116, \u22125 V, TR4, ULA, membrane, Minerva, white screen\u2026\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\">\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"results\" id=\"rfdRes\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- schermate tipiche -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-schermi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">WHAT DO YOU SEE ON THE SCREEN?<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Recognise the fault from the screen<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Simulations of the most common symptoms. Click the one that looks like your screen to go to the diagnosis.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"screens\" id=\"rfdScreens\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- diagnosi guidata -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-diagnosi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">GUIDED DIAGNOSIS<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Answer the questions<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">You can click the answers or press keys 1-9. The path you've taken stays at the top and you can go back to any step.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"wiz\">\r\n        <div class=\"crumbs\" id=\"rfdCrumbs\"><\/div>\r\n        <div id=\"rfdStep\"><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"acts\">\r\n          <button class=\"btn\" id=\"rfdBack\" type=\"button\">\u25c0 BACK<\/button>\r\n          <button class=\"btn\" id=\"rfdRestart\" type=\"button\">\u21ba START OVER<\/button>\r\n          <button class=\"btn\" id=\"rfdShare\" type=\"button\">\ud83d\udd17 COPY LINK<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- mappa chip -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-chip\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">CHIP MAP<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">The main Sinclair chips<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Grouped by function (this is not the physical layout on the board). Click a chip to find out what it does and what symptoms it gives when it fails. During the diagnosis, the chips involved light up.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"tabs\" role=\"tablist\" id=\"rfdTabs\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"board\" id=\"rfdBoard\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"icinfo\" id=\"rfdIcInfo\">Select a chip to see the details.<\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- periferiche di test -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-periferiche\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">PERIPHERALS THAT HELP<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Test cartridges and diagnostic tools<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">With these tools, tracking down the fault becomes much quicker, and at the end you can run a full final test.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cards\" id=\"rfdPeriph\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- attrezzatura -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-attrezzi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">EQUIPMENT<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">What you need on the workbench<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">You don't need everything at once: each diagnosis tells you what you need for that kind of fault.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cards\" id=\"rfdTools\"><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"warn\">\u26a0\ufe0f <span><b>Safety.<\/b> Unplug the supply before opening the case. Check polarity: on the 16K\/48K\/128 Spectrum the plug centre is negative, on the ZX81 positive; the +2A, +2B and +3 need a 6-pin supply with +5, +12 and \u221212 V. On the 48K, if TR4 smokes, switch off at once.<\/span><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- Diagnostic ROMs and Minerva -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-diagrom\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">Diagnostic ROMs for the Spectrum, Minerva and QL tests<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">A diagnostic ROM in place of the original one tells you within seconds which RAM is faulty. On the QL, Minerva replaces the operating system and tests the memory at every power-up.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"dgx\">\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>1. A diagnostic EPROM for the Spectrum<\/h4>\r\n          <ul>\r\n            <li><b>ZX-Diagnostics<\/b> by Brendan Alford, free, 16K to +3: download <code>testrom.bin<\/code> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/brendanalford\/zx-diagnostics\/releases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub releases<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>16K\/48K:<\/b> the original ROM is a 23128. A 27C256 (or 27C128) replaces it after a few changes: pin 1 tied to pin 28 (+5 V); pin 27 to the A14 line, which with a switch picks one of two images (for example the original ROM and the diagnostics); pin 20 from an OR of \/ROMCS and \/MREQ made with two diodes and a resistor. Wiring it to \/ROMCS alone seems to work but corrupts keyboard reads. Also check the H\/N links near the ROM. Every step is in our article <a href=\"\/en\/cambiare-la-rom-dello-zx-spectrum\/\">Replacing the ZX Spectrum ROM<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>128 and grey +2:<\/b> a single 32K ROM (IC5 on the 128, IC8 on the +2), replaceable with a 27C256: check the pinout on the schematic.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>+2A, +2B, +3:<\/b> two 32K ROMs (40092 and 40093), replaceable with two 27C256s.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Without pulling the ROM:<\/b> boards that plug into the back (DiagBoard, Retroleum SMART Card, ZXC4, Dandanator) or <code>testram.tap<\/code> loaded from a DivMMC, which does not test the ULA and keyboard. On the +2A\/+3, 48K and 128 boards do not work: the ROM signals on the connector are different.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>2. Reading the ZX-Diagnostics results<\/h4>\r\n          <ul>\r\n            <li>At start-up it gives eight beeps and two tones and the border goes from blue to green: CPU, ULA and buses work. A rainbow border with a shriek = bad ROM checksum.<\/li>\r\n            <li>Lower RAM shows as 8 stripes on the border: <b>green good, red bad<\/b>. The wiki is inconsistent about the order (bit 0 at the top or the bottom): if more than one is bad, confirm with a probe or a tester.<\/li>\r\n            <li>Upper RAM is reported by IC number (IC15\u2013IC22 on the 48K); the 128K banks and the paging are tested.<\/li>\r\n            <li>Keys at power-up: <b>SPACE<\/b> video test card, <b>U<\/b> ULA tests (MIC, EAR, border, interrupts), <b>S<\/b> soak test, <b>M<\/b> memory browser.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n          <table class=\"pins\">\r\n            <tr><th>Model<\/th><th>Lower RAM, bit 0 \u2192 bit 7<\/th><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td>16K, 48K, 128<\/td><td><b>IC6 \u2192 IC13<\/b> (4116 on the 48K, 4164 on the 128)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td>Grey +2<\/td><td><b>IC32 \u2192 IC25<\/b><\/td><\/tr>\r\n            <tr><td>+2A, +2B, +3<\/td><td><b>IC3<\/b> bits 0\u20133, <b>IC4<\/b> bits 4\u20137<\/td><\/tr>\r\n          <\/table>\r\n          <p><b>All lower RAM red on a 48K?<\/b> Before replacing eight chips, measure on the 4116s: pin 1 = \u22125 V, pin 8 = +12 V, pin 9 = +5 V, pin 16 = ground. If \u22125 V or +12 V is missing, the fault is in the TR4\/TR5 converter.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>3. Minerva for the QL<\/h4>\r\n          <ul>\r\n            <li><b>What it is:<\/b> the replacement QL operating system by Laurence Reeves (QView), now with GPL sources. It fixes the ROM bugs, runs faster, allows several SuperBASICs and dual screen, and does a more thorough <b>RAM test<\/b> at boot. <code>PRINT VER$<\/code> returns JSL1.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Where to get it:<\/b> version <b>1.98a1<\/b> maintained by Marcel Kilgus at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kilgus.net\/ql\/minerva\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kilgus.net<\/a> (sources on <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/MarcelKilgus\/Minerva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub<\/a>); every version also in <a href=\"https:\/\/sinclairql.net\/djw\/qlrom\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dilwyn Jones's ROM archive<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>How to make it:<\/b> the image is 48K and is burned from the start of a <b>27C512<\/b>. An EPROM does not drop straight into the socket: some pins differ and the original ROMs' chip select is active high. You need an adapter that inverts the signal: ours, SMD or through-hole, is described in <a href=\"\/en\/rom-minerva\/\">Minerva ROM for the QL<\/a> with the files on <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/zeus074\/Minerva-for-QL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>How to fit it:<\/b> remove the two ROMs (IC33, 32K, and IC34, 16K) and plug the adapter into either socket. Early three-chip boards (two ROMs stacked) need modifying.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>RAM error:<\/b> Minerva shows data written, data read and the address. Enter them in the <a href=\"\/en\/ql-minerva-ram-decode\/\">Minerva RAM decoder<\/a> to find which of IC1\u2013IC16 to replace.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ul>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"box\">\r\n          <h4>4. If the QL never reaches the test<\/h4>\r\n          <ol>\r\n            <li><b>The diagnostic ROM:<\/b> Stephen Usher's <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/stephen-usher\/Sinclair-QL-BareMetal-Diag-ROM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bare Metal Diagnostic ROM<\/a> uses the same adapter as Minerva and runs even without RAM: it only needs the CPU, the ZX8301 and the ZX8302 serial output.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Read it on a PC:<\/b> it writes to <b>SER2 at 4800 baud<\/b>. On screen it shows 8 bands for the RAM (green good, red bad; count the chips right to left) and also tests the clock, IPC, keyboard and interrupts.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Supplies:<\/b> 5 V from the 7805 (IC35), +12 V and \u221212 V from the 78L12 and 79L12.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Basic signals:<\/b> clock, \/RESET and DTACK on 68008 pin 31: without DTACK the RAM test never starts.<\/li>\r\n            <li><b>Socketed chips to swap in this order:<\/b> IC18 (CPU), IC22 (ZX8301), IC23 (ZX8302), IC24 (IPC), IC28.<\/li>\r\n          <\/ol>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <\\!-- schemi -->\r\n    <section id=\"rfd-schemi\">\r\n      <div class=\"head\">\r\n        <span class=\"kicker\">SCHEMATICS AND DOCUMENTATION<\/span>\r\n        <h3 class=\"h3\">For those who want to repair it themselves<\/h3>\r\n        <p class=\"sub\">Schematics, service manuals and the communities where you can ask for help.<\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"cards\" id=\"rfdDocs\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/section>\r\n\r\n    <p class=\"foot\">This tool gives general guidance based on the most common faults and the service manuals. For complex repairs ask an experienced technician or the Sinclair community (for example Spectrum Computing or the QL Forum).<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"toast\" id=\"rfdToast\" role=\"status\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"rfdData\">{\"start\":{\"question\":\"Which Sinclair are you repairing?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"ZX Spectrum 16K \/ 48K \/ 48K+\",\"next\":\"zx48\"},{\"label\":\"ZX Spectrum 128 \\\"toastrack\\\" or grey +2\",\"next\":\"zx128\"},{\"label\":\"ZX Spectrum +2A, +2B or +3 (Amstrad, black)\",\"next\":\"zxp3\"},{\"label\":\"ZX80 or ZX81\",\"next\":\"zx81\"},{\"label\":\"Sinclair QL\",\"next\":\"ql\"},{\"label\":\"I want a diagnostic EPROM or ROM\",\"next\":\"diagrom\"},{\"label\":\"Repaired: I want a full final test\",\"next\":\"finalTest\"}]},\"zx48\":{\"question\":\"What does your 16K\/48K Spectrum do?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Nothing at all: no picture, no sign of life\",\"next\":\"psu48\"},{\"label\":\"Smoke or a burning smell at power-on\",\"next\":\"tr4\"},{\"label\":\"Black border with horizontal lines, or the diagnostics fail all the lower RAM\",\"next\":\"dcdc\"},{\"label\":\"Thin vertical lines, blocks or random attributes\",\"next\":\"lowram\"},{\"label\":\"Wide bands and a border that never turns white\",\"next\":\"nocode\"},{\"label\":\"It starts, but as a 16K, or crashes in games\",\"next\":\"upperram\"},{\"label\":\"The TV gets no picture at all\",\"next\":\"nopic48\"},{\"label\":\"Black-and-white picture or wrong colours\",\"next\":\"colour48\"},{\"label\":\"Keys that do not work\",\"next\":\"kb\"},{\"label\":\"Will not load from tape\",\"next\":\"tape\"},{\"label\":\"No sound\",\"next\":\"sound\"},{\"label\":\"Crashes or resets when warm, or with peripherals\",\"next\":\"hot48\"}]},\"zx128\":{\"question\":\"What does your 128 or grey +2 do?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Will not start, or the regulator is very hot\",\"next\":\"psu128\"},{\"label\":\"Lines, blocks or a crash at start-up\",\"next\":\"ram128\"},{\"label\":\"Grey +2: no picture or black and white only\",\"next\":\"video128\"},{\"label\":\"Starts only in 48K mode or the menu does not appear\",\"next\":\"mode48\"},{\"label\":\"\\\"Rain\\\" on the screen or crashes with some programs\",\"next\":\"hal128\"},{\"label\":\"Dead keys, no sound or will not load\",\"next\":\"kb\"}]},\"zxp3\":{\"question\":\"What does your +2A, +2B or +3 do?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Will not power up: power supply and DIN socket\",\"next\":\"psup3\"},{\"label\":\"Lines, blocks or a crash at start-up\",\"next\":\"ramp3\"},{\"label\":\"Black screen or odd picture, but the supply is fine\",\"next\":\"gap3\"},{\"label\":\"+3: the drive will not read or spin\",\"next\":\"disk3\"},{\"label\":\"I want to replace the ROMs or use a test cartridge\",\"next\":\"romp3\"}]},\"zx81\":{\"question\":\"Which machine, and what does it do?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Will not power up or gets very hot\",\"next\":\"psu81\"},{\"label\":\"ZX81: dark, black or white screen with zig-zags\",\"next\":\"ula81\"},{\"label\":\"ZX81: crashes and loses the program with the 16K pack\",\"next\":\"rampack\"},{\"label\":\"ZX81: very dim picture on modern TVs\",\"next\":\"dim81\"},{\"label\":\"A whole row of keys is dead\",\"next\":\"kb81\"},{\"label\":\"ZX80: will not start\",\"next\":\"zx80\"}]},\"ql\":{\"question\":\"What do you see when you switch the QL on?\",\"options\":[{\"label\":\"Nothing, or the regulator is very hot\",\"next\":\"qlpsu\"},{\"label\":\"Blank screen, no picture\",\"next\":\"qlblank\"},{\"label\":\"Dots running down the screen (\\\"tweed\\\"), then it locks up\",\"next\":\"qltweed\"},{\"label\":\"Geometric pattern of red and green bars\",\"next\":\"qlpattern\"},{\"label\":\"White screen or green screen\",\"next\":\"qlwhite\"},{\"label\":\"Narrow stripes or fixed dots\",\"next\":\"qlbit\"},{\"label\":\"Flickering patterns and constant beeping\",\"next\":\"qlrom\"},{\"label\":\"End of the RAM test, then a blank screen\",\"next\":\"qlipc\"},{\"label\":\"With Minerva: a RAM error appears\",\"next\":\"qlminerva\"},{\"label\":\"Keyboard, sound or serial\",\"next\":\"qlkb\"},{\"label\":\"Microdrive will not read\",\"next\":\"qlmdv\"}]},\"psu48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Power: supply, socket and 7805 regulator\",\"checks\":[\"The original supply gives 9 V DC unregulated (1.4 A); off load it reads about 13.5 V\",\"Polarity: on the Spectrum the plug centre is NEGATIVE and the sleeve positive. A reversed supply usually kills the 7805\",\"Measure 5 V at the 7805 output and 9 V at its input\",\"Check the power socket is not cracked, corroded or shorted\",\"Service manual: if 5 V is missing also check the voltage drop across R64\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the 7805 (with thermal paste on the heatsink) or the socket\",\"Use a modern 9 V supply, centre negative, at least 1.4 A\",\"If 5 V is there and it still will not start, go to \\\"Black border with horizontal lines\\\": check \u22125 V and +12 V\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"tr4\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Shorted DC-DC converter (TR4)\",\"checks\":[\"Switch off at once: if TR4 is shorted and stays powered, the coil overheats and its insulation fails\",\"The service manual lists exactly \\\"dead screen, smoke at switch-on\\\" for TR4 shorted base to collector\",\"Remove TR4: if the short is still there, check TR5, C44 and the tracks\",\"Quick test: a short between the centre leg and an outer leg of TR4 or TR5 means a bad transistor\"],\"solutions\":[\"If TR4 has blown, replace both TR4 and TR5 even if TR5 tests good\",\"Spares: the ZTX650 is obsolete, use a ZTX651 or ZTX653; for the ZTX213 use a ZTX751. Careful: the pinouts differ\",\"Before powering up again check the 4116s: a shorted chip overloads +12 V and \u22125 V and kills the transistors again\",\"On Issue 1 boards the manual changes R60 from 100 to 270 \u03a9 and adds 4.7 \u00b5F across TR5\"],\"severity\":\"alta\",\"notes\":\"TR4 and TR5 are the two transistors next to the toroidal coil L1: together they make the +12 V and \u22125 V that only the 8 lower 4116 RAMs need.\"},\"dcdc\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Missing \u22125 V or +12 V for the lower RAM\",\"checks\":[\"If the diagnostics fail ALL 8 lower RAMs (IC6\u2013IC13), a missing supply is far more likely than eight dead chips at once\",\"Measure on a 4116 with the computer on: pin 1 = \u22125 V, pin 8 = +12 V, pin 9 = +5 V, pin 16 = ground\",\"Tolerance about \u00b110%: \u22125 V must sit between \u22124.5 and \u22125.5 V. If a rail is more than 1 V off, the converter is the problem\",\"The converter: TR4 (ZTX650), TR5 (ZTX213), coil L1, diodes D15 and D17 (BA157), 5.1 V zener D19, capacitor C44 and the 15 \u03a9 resistors under the board\",\"If the rails stay low, pull the 4116s one at a time: a single shorted chip can drag +12 V and \u22125 V down\"],\"solutions\":[\"Fix the converter first (TR4\/TR5, diodes, zener, capacitors), then test the RAM again\",\"Keep power-ups short until \u22125 V is right: the 4116s want \u22125 V before the other rails and may be damaged without it\",\"Only then replace the 4116s the diagnostics still fail (fit them in sockets)\",\"Alternatively there are modern modules that replace the 4116s and need only 5 V: check the seller's instructions\"],\"severity\":\"alta\",\"notes\":\"The 4116s are the only parts that use +12 V and \u22125 V: that is why a faulty converter makes all the lower RAM look bad at once.\"},\"lowram\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Faulty lower RAM (4116, IC6\u2013IC13)\",\"checks\":[\"First measure \u22125 V, +12 V and +5 V on the 4116s (pins 1, 8 and 9): if they are wrong go to the DC-DC converter\",\"Thin vertical lines: the pixel position inside each 8-dot character tells you the chip. Leftmost pixel = bit 7 (IC13), rightmost = bit 0 (IC6)\",\"Flashing 8\u00d78 blocks: IC13. Brighter (BRIGHT) blocks: IC12\",\"Random pixels: a subtle lower RAM fault\",\"The diagnostic ROM points to the exact chip (green bands good, red bad)\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the indicated 4116 and fit a socket\",\"A chip that is very hot to the touch or on a thermal camera is usually the shorted one\",\"If the RAM still fails after the swap, check the 74LS157s (IC3, IC4) that drive the addresses\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"nocode\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Code does not run: CPU, ROM or a stuck bus\",\"checks\":[\"Wide bands and a border that never turns white mean the ROM is not being run\",\"A shorted RAM can hold the data bus: power off and compare pin 2 to ground across the pairs IC13\u2194IC22, IC12\u2194IC21 \u2026 IC6\u2194IC15\",\"Check the 74LS157s (IC3, IC4, IC25, IC26): under 1 \u03a9 to a rail means a shorted chip\",\"With a scope or probe: CPU clock, \/RESET going high, activity on the address lines; check TR3\"],\"solutions\":[\"Try a diagnostic ROM: if it starts, the CPU and ULA are alive and it tells you which RAM is bad\",\"Replace the Z80 CPU (often socketed) and, if needed, the ROM with an EPROM\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"upperram\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Faulty upper RAM (IC15\u2013IC22) or its selectors\",\"checks\":[\"If it starts as a 16K or crashes in 48K games, the problem is in the upper 32K\",\"They are 8 TI 4532 or OKI 3732 chips (\\\"half-good\\\" 64K); bit 0 = IC15 \u2026 bit 7 = IC22\",\"From Issue 3 there are two links: TI\/OKI type and which half is used (3\/4 or L\/H). Check they match the fitted chips\",\"If the diagnostics say \\\"all 8 failed\\\", it may be a 16K machine or a fault in the 74LS157 multiplexers (IC25, IC26) and the 74LS32 (IC23) and 74LS00 (IC24) logic\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the indicated chip. Whole 4164s can replace the 4532\/3732s, with the links set to either half\",\"Careful: some 4164s want 256-cycle refresh and the Spectrum provides fewer; it shows with the link in the OKI position\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"nopic48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"No picture: ULA, modulator and video circuit\",\"checks\":[\"The ULA makes a picture even with a faulty CPU, ROM or RAM: if there is nothing at all, the fault is in the supply, the ULA or the video circuit\",\"Service manual: swap the ULA (IC1), then check TR1 and TR2, the ULA socket and a short between C65 and R53\",\"Clock: 14 MHz on ULA pin 39 and 3.5 MHz on pin 32 (crystal X1, TR3)\",\"Tune the TV to UHF channel 36 or, better, try a composite output\",\"Keys click but the picture is dark: TR1\/TR2\"],\"solutions\":[\"A spare ULA (the 6C001E-7 works on every 48K issue) or a modern replacement\",\"A composite mod removes RF modulator problems\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"colour48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Colour: the LM1889 encoder and adjustments\",\"checks\":[\"Colour comes from the LM1889 (IC14); some boards have an SN94459, which the LM1889 replaces directly\",\"Black-and-white picture from Issue 3: measure 12 V on LM1889 pin 14; if it is missing, blame the TR4\/TR5 converter\",\"Issues 1 and 2: adjust trimmers VR1, VR2 and the TC2 trimmer capacitor\",\"Logo or characters in one wrong colour: ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the LM1889 only after checking the 12 V\",\"With a composite mod or an RGB cable, colour no longer depends on the modulator\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"kb\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Keyboard: the membrane\",\"checks\":[\"The most common fault: the membrane tails crack where they enter the connectors and a whole row of keys dies\",\"Check the tails do not touch the modulator can and the connectors are clean\",\"A \\\"stuck\\\" key can also come from the ULA, diodes D1\u2013D8, RAM or ROM\",\"The 128 and +2 are the same; on the 128 sound also goes through the TV\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the membrane with a new one (easy to find)\",\"No sound: speaker (about 40 \u03a9 from Issue 3), TR7 (ZTX450) and D9, then the ULA\",\"Will not load: more volume, a mono 3.5 mm lead, a clean EAR socket\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"tape\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Will not load from tape\",\"checks\":[\"Volume: MP3 players and phones are often too quiet; turn it up fully and try\",\"Use a mono 3.5 mm lead in the EAR socket and check the socket is not corroded or loose\",\"The border should show the coloured stripes: if it stays still, no signal is getting in\",\"If it still will not load with a good signal, the problem is in the ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Clean or replace the EAR socket\",\"Try a TZX\/WAV file from a PC or a Spectrum tape player\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"sound\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"No sound\",\"checks\":[\"The speaker: about 200 \u03a9 on Issue 2, about 40 \u03a9 from Issue 3\",\"Check TR7 (ZTX450) and diode D9\",\"If the border flickers when it beeps, the ULA is faulty\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the speaker, TR7 or D9; the ULA last\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"hot48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Crashes when warm or with peripherals\",\"checks\":[\"Random crashes when warm: the ULA runs hottest and is the first part to try\",\"Cool one chip at a time with freezer spray: if it starts working again you have found the culprit\",\"Only with interfaces or cartridges: clean the rear edge connector\",\"Issue 2 with a 5C112E ULA: the manual links self-resetting to TR6\"],\"solutions\":[\"A small heatsink on the ULA is common practice, although there is no official specification\",\"Replace the ULA or whichever chip reacts to the spray\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"psu128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"128 and +2: power\",\"checks\":[\"9 V DC supply, centre negative, same plug as the 48K; the 128 draws about 900\u2013960 mA\",\"A hot 7805 is normal up to a point; dried-out C44 and C45 (100 \u00b5F) cause ripple that can damage the converter and the +12 V\",\"Use a supply of at least 2 A\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace C44\/C45 and, if needed, fit a 2 A regulator (L78S05) in place of the 7805\",\"If a DivMMC or interfaces do not work, the Z80 \/M1 signal is often weak: try another CPU\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"ram128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"128 and +2: 4164 RAM\",\"checks\":[\"The 128 has 16 4164 RAMs (64K\u00d71): IC6\u2013IC13 and IC15\u2013IC22; the lower bank has bits 0\u20137 = IC6\u2013IC13\",\"On the grey +2, bits 0\u20137 of the lower bank are IC32, IC31 \u2026 IC25\",\"These RAMs do not use \u22125 V: all of them failing together points to the multiplexers, the HAL or the ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"The diagnostic ROM also tests the upper banks and the paging\",\"Replace the indicated chips, in sockets\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"video128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Grey +2: TEA2000 video encoder\",\"checks\":[\"On the grey +2 colour comes from the TEA2000: if it is faulty there is no picture or only black and white\",\"Try the RGB output on the DIN socket: if the picture is good there, the problem is the TEA2000 or the modulator\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the TEA2000 or use an RGB\/SCART cable\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"mode48\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Starts only in 48K mode\",\"checks\":[\"The causes are not well documented: one reported case was a faulty upper-bank RAM\",\"The diagnostic ROM tests the banks and the paging: start there\",\"If the diagnostics report 128K failures on a machine that looks like a 48K, it may have misdetected the model, or it is a PAL, HAL or ULA fault\"],\"solutions\":[\"Follow what the diagnostics say; check the ROM too (IC5 on the 128, IC8 on the +2)\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\",\"notes\":\"Uncertain result: there are few sources on this symptom.\"},\"hal128\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"128: known HAL bugs\",\"checks\":[\"Paging is done by a HAL10H8 with two known bugs: reading port 7FFD crashes the machine, and \\\"rain\\\" appears when the I register points at 4000\u20137FFF\",\"These are design bugs, not faults: every 128 does it\"],\"solutions\":[\"Small replacement GALs (\\\"Umbrella\\\", \\\"Unrainer\\\") fix the rain\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"psup3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: power supply with a 6-pin DIN plug\",\"checks\":[\"These models do NOT use 9 V: the supply gives +5 V, +12 V, \u221212 V and ground on a 6-pin DIN\",\"A wrongly wired supply can do serious damage: measure every pin before connecting it\",\"Typical ratings: 5 V 2 A; +12 V 700 mA on the +3 (for the drive), 200 mA on the +2A; \u221212 V 50 mA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Do not use a +2A supply on a +3: its +12 V is not enough for the drive\",\"Never a 9 V barrel supply on the black Amstrad models\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"ramp3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: 41464 RAM\",\"checks\":[\"Here the RAMs are 41464\/4464 (64K\u00d74, 18-pin). Lower bank: IC3 = bits 0\u20133, IC4 = bits 4\u20137\",\"The diagnostic ROM works, but with some boards you have to pick the model by hand\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the indicated chip, in a socket\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"gap3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: 40077 gate array\",\"checks\":[\"The Amstrad 40077 gate array (QFP package) does the job of the ULA, PAL and HAL together\",\"Before blaming it, inspect its pin solder joints with a lens: one documented case was just a dry joint\",\"Check supplies, clock and reset as on the other models\"],\"solutions\":[\"Reflow the gate array pins with flux\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"disk3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+3: 3\\\" drive\",\"checks\":[\"The rubber belt perishes: the drive slips or does not spin\",\"Clean the belt path and check the head moves\",\"Remember the drive needs the +12 V of the +3 supply\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the belt (service kits are sold) and clean the head\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"romp3\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"+2A, +2B, +3: ROMs and cartridges\",\"checks\":[\"Two 32K ROMs: 40092 (ROM A) and 40093 (ROM B), replaceable with two 27C256s\",\"The rear connector has different ROM control signals (\/ROMOE1 and \/ROMOE2): 48K and 128 ROM cartridges and boards do not work\"],\"solutions\":[\"For diagnostics use a board that supports the +2A\/+3 (for example the SMART Card) or the tape version from a DivMMC\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"psu81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX80 and ZX81: power\",\"checks\":[\"9 V DC unregulated supply. Careful: on the ZX81 the plug centre is POSITIVE, the opposite of the Spectrum\",\"Off load it reads 14\u201316 V, about 11 V under load: that is normal\",\"A single 7805 feeds everything and its heatsink runs warm: that is normal. A reversed plug often kills it\",\"Measure 5 V at the 7805 output before suspecting the ULA\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the 7805 and use a regulated 9 V supply with the right polarity\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"ula81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX81: ULA\",\"checks\":[\"Dark screen with a blurred cursor, black screen, or white with zig-zags: typical ULA (IC1) symptoms\",\"Many ULAs died from overvoltage: first check the 5 V is right\",\"A marginal ULA may fail only when warm\",\"The 2C158, 2C184E and 2C210E ULAs share the same pinout\"],\"solutions\":[\"Try another ULA or a modern replacement; also try the Z80, ROM (2364) and RAM\",\"ROM check: a BASIC sum of the 8192 bytes should give 835106 (later ROM) or 854885 (early ROM)\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"rampack\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX81: wobbly 16K RAM pack\",\"checks\":[\"The classic: the pack moves, contact is lost and the program is gone\",\"First try without the pack, on internal RAM\",\"With the pack fitted the internal 1K disappears: that is normal\"],\"solutions\":[\"Clean the edge fingers and secure the pack (tape, a bracket)\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"dim81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX81: dim picture on modern TVs\",\"checks\":[\"The 2C184E ULA lacks the video \\\"back porch\\\": many modern TVs show a dim picture\",\"The 2C210E fixed this\",\"In FAST mode the screen blanks while computing: that is normal\"],\"solutions\":[\"A video mod (or a 2C210E ULA) fixes it\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"kb81\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX80 and ZX81 keyboard\",\"checks\":[\"The membrane tails crack and a whole row of keys dies\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the membrane\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"zx80\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"ZX80: will not start\",\"checks\":[\"The ZX80 has no ULA: a Z80 (NEC \u00b5PD780C-1), 4K ROM, two 2114s for 1K of RAM and about 18 TTL chips\",\"The 7805 runs hot on the original supply; it needs at least 7.5 V in\",\"If 5 V is missing, check the 7805 and the smoothing capacitors\"],\"solutions\":[\"With a logic probe follow the clock, reset and addresses; the TTL chips can also be checked in a chip tester\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlpsu\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: power and regulators\",\"checks\":[\"The external brick gives about 9 V DC unregulated (2 A) plus an AC voltage (about 15.6 V at diode D26)\",\"On the board: IC35 7805 for +5 V (on a heatsink), IC37 78L12 for +12 V, IC36 79L12 for the serial port \u221212 V\",\"The 7805 runs very hot: the manual asks for good thermal contact with paste\",\"Also check for corroded sockets\"],\"solutions\":[\"Renew the 7805 thermal paste or fit a modern switch-mode regulator in its place\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlblank\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: blank screen\",\"checks\":[\"Service manual: with a blank screen the first suspect is IC22, the ZX8301 (video and RAM)\",\"Check 5 V, 12 V and \u221212 V first\",\"Swap order for the socketed chips: IC18 (CPU), IC22, IC23, IC24, IC28\"],\"solutions\":[\"Try a spare ZX8301\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"qltweed\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: dots running down (\\\"tweed\\\")\",\"checks\":[\"If dots run down the screen and then it locks up, the ROM and ZX8301 work: suspect the RAM\",\"The RAM is 16 4164 chips (IC1\u2013IC16) in two banks: IC1\u20138 and IC9\u201316; the lower bank holds the screen\"],\"solutions\":[\"With Minerva the RAM test names the address and the chip; without it, use the diagnostic ROM\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlpattern\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: red and green geometric pattern\",\"checks\":[\"The ZX8301 works, but the ROM code is not running\",\"Suspect the CPU clock, the RAM or the 68008 CPU itself\",\"Without DTACK (CPU pin 31) the RAM test never starts\"],\"solutions\":[\"Try the diagnostic ROM: it runs even without RAM and writes its results to the serial port\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"qlwhite\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: white or green screen\",\"checks\":[\"White screen: the first pass of the RAM test failed\",\"Green screen: the second pass failed (retention and refresh)\"],\"solutions\":[\"With Minerva read the three error values and use the decoder to find the chip\",\"With the diagnostic ROM the 8 coloured bands show which bit is bad\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlbit\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: narrow stripes or fixed dots\",\"checks\":[\"A single RAM bit is faulty\",\"Service manual: touch each RAM data pin to ground in turn with a probe; when the stripe changes you have found the bit\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the 4164 for that bit\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlrom\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: flickering patterns and beeping\",\"checks\":[\"Service manual: flickering patterns with \\\"excited beeping\\\" point to a faulty ROM\",\"The ROMs are IC33 (32K) and IC34 (16K); early boards had EPROMs or an external add-on ROM\"],\"solutions\":[\"Replace the ROMs with Minerva on an EPROM (see the section below)\"],\"severity\":\"alta\"},\"qlipc\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: stops after the RAM test\",\"checks\":[\"If it finishes the RAM test, shows the pattern and then goes blank: the ROM, the ZX8302\u2194IPC link or a stuck interrupt\",\"Check crystal X4 and IPC (IC24, 8049) pins 29 and 35\"],\"solutions\":[\"Try IC23 (ZX8302), IC24 (IPC) and the ROMs\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlminerva\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL with Minerva: RAM error\",\"checks\":[\"Minerva shows three values: data written, data read and the address\",\"An error right at the start of RAM can be a data-bus clash: check the 74LS245 and the ROM decoding\"],\"solutions\":[\"Enter the three values in the RetroFixer decoder: it tells you which of IC1\u2013IC16 to replace\",\"The result is a starting point: confirm with a probe or a chip tester\"],\"severity\":\"media\"},\"qlkb\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: keyboard, sound and serial (IPC)\",\"checks\":[\"The keyboard membrane often breaks, usually near the connector\",\"Keyboard, sound and serial receive go through the IPC (IC24, an 8049), which talks to the ZX8302\",\"Manual: no sound = replace IC24; random crashes = try IC23, IC34 or IC24\"],\"solutions\":[\"If the break is near the connector the tail can be trimmed; otherwise a new membrane\",\"Also check the connector spring contacts\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"qlmdv\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"QL: microdrives\",\"checks\":[\"There is no belt: the tape is driven by a rubber roller on the motor shaft, which wears or rides up the shaft\",\"Manual: check TR6\/TR7, IC29\/IC30, the ZX8302, the microswitch and the motor position; the head cannot be replaced\"],\"solutions\":[\"Reposition, flip or replace the roller; clean the head\",\"To stop depending on microdrives there are SD-card interfaces\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"diagrom\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Diagnostic ROMs and cartridges\",\"checks\":[\"Spectrum: Brendan Alford's ZX-Diagnostics (free): testrom.bin to burn, or testram.tap to load from a DivMMC\",\"Spectrum: alternatively Retroleum's DiagROM, ready on its ROM boards and the SMART Card\",\"QL: Stephen Usher's Bare Metal Diagnostic ROM runs even without RAM and writes results to SER2 at 4800 baud\",\"QL: Minerva has a more thorough RAM test that names the faulty chip\"],\"solutions\":[\"The \\\"Diagnostic ROMs and Minerva\\\" section below explains how to fit them and read the results\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"},\"finalTest\":{\"question\":null,\"diagnosis\":\"Final test\",\"checks\":[\"Measure the supplies: 5 V on the board; on the 48K also +12 V and \u22125 V on the 4116s\",\"Leave the diagnostics in soak test (hold S at power-on with ZX-Diagnostics) for at least an hour\",\"Test every key, tape loading, sound and a couple of 48K and 128K games\",\"QL: Minerva RAM test at boot, keyboard, sound (BEEP), microdrives and serial\"],\"solutions\":[\"Socket the chips you replaced and note inside the computer what you changed\"],\"severity\":\"bassa\"}}<\\\/script>\r\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"rfdCfg\">{\"chipNote\":\"\",\"boards\":[{\"id\":\"zx48\",\"label\":\"Spectrum 16K\/48K\",\"groups\":[[\"System core\",[[\"ULA\",\"6C001E-7 \u00b7 5C112E\",\"Video, keyboard, sound\",\"Makes the picture and clocks, reads keyboard and tape. Runs hot. The 6C001E-7 works on every issue.\",\"\\\\bULA\\\\b\"],[\"Z80A\",\"IC2\",\"3.5 MHz CPU\",\"The processor, often socketed.\",\"\\\\bZ80\\\\b|\\\\bCPU\\\\b\"],[\"ROM\",\"23128 \u00b7 IC5\",\"16K BASIC\",\"Mask ROM. Replaced with a 27C128\/27C256 after a few changes (H\/N links, pins 1, 20 and 27).\",\"23128|27C128|\\\\bROM\\\\b(?! di diagnostica)(?<!diagnostic ROM)\"]]],[\"Memory\",[[\"RAM bassa\",\"4116 \u00d78 \u00b7 IC6\u2013IC13\",\"16K, +12 V and \u22125 V\",\"They use +5, +12 and \u22125 V. Bit 0 = IC6 \u2026 bit 7 = IC13. Pin 1 \u22125 V, pin 8 +12 V, pin 9 +5 V, pin 16 ground.\",\"4116|IC6|IC13|RAM bass|lower RAM\"],[\"RAM alta\",\"4532 \u00b7 3732 \u00d78 \u00b7 IC15\u2013IC22\",\"The 48K upper 32K\",\"Half-good 64K chips; 4164s can replace them. Bit 0 = IC15 \u2026 bit 7 = IC22.\",\"4532|3732|IC15|IC22|RAM alta|upper RAM|upper 32K|32K alti\"],[\"74LS157\",\"IC3 \u00b7 IC4 \u00b7 IC25 \u00b7 IC26\",\"Address multiplexers\",\"Drive the addresses to the lower (IC3, IC4) and upper (IC25, IC26) RAM.\",\"74LS157|IC25|IC26|\\\\bIC3\\\\b\"],[\"74LS32\/00\",\"IC23 \u00b7 IC24\",\"Upper RAM select\",\"Logic that picks the half of the 4532\/3732 chips.\",\"74LS32|74LS00|IC23|IC24\"]]],[\"Power and video\",[[\"7805\",\"REG\",\"+5 V\",\"The 5 V regulator on the heatsink. Dies with a reversed supply.\",\"7805\"],[\"TR4\/TR5\",\"ZTX650 \u00b7 ZTX213 \u00b7 L1\",\"+12 V and \u22125 V\",\"The DC-DC converter for the 4116s: transistors, toroidal coil L1, diodes D15\/D17, zener D19, C44.\",\"TR4|TR5|DC-DC|ZTX|convertitore|converter|\u22125 V|-5 V\"],[\"LM1889\",\"IC14\",\"PAL colour\",\"The colour encoder; needs 12 V on pin 14.\",\"LM1889|IC14|SN94459\"],[\"TR1\/TR2\",\"Video\",\"Video output\",\"Video signal transistors feeding the modulator.\",\"TR1|TR2\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"zx128\",\"label\":\"128 \/ +2\",\"groups\":[[\"System\",[[\"ULA\",\"7K010E-5 \u00b7 40056\",\"Video and I\/O\",\"The two versions are interchangeable.\",\"\\\\bULA\\\\b\"],[\"HAL10H8\",\"PAL\",\"Paging\",\"Handles the memory banks; has two known bugs (port 7FFD, \\\"rain\\\").\",\"HAL|PAL\"],[\"ROM\",\"27256 \u00b7 IC5 (128) \u00b7 IC8 (+2)\",\"32K\",\"A single 32K ROM.\",\"\\\\bROM\\\\b\"],[\"AY-3-8912\",\"PSG\",\"3-voice sound\",\"The sound generator of the 128 models.\",\"AY-3\"]]],[\"Memory and video\",[[\"RAM\",\"4164 \u00d716\",\"128K\",\"128: IC6\u2013IC13 and IC15\u2013IC22. +2: lower bank IC32 \u2026 IC25.\",\"4164\"],[\"TEA2000\",\"+2\",\"PAL colour\",\"The colour encoder of the grey +2.\",\"TEA2000\"],[\"7805\",\"L78S05\",\"+5 V\",\"On the 128 it works at its limit: a 2 A L78S05 can be fitted.\",\"7805|L78S05\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"zxp3\",\"label\":\"+2A \/ +2B \/ +3\",\"groups\":[[\"System\",[[\"40077\",\"Gate array QFP\",\"ULA + PAL + HAL\",\"The Amstrad gate array does it all: video, I\/O and paging.\",\"40077|gate array\"],[\"ROM A\/B\",\"40092 \u00b7 40093\",\"2 \u00d7 32K\",\"Replaceable with two 27C256s.\",\"40092|40093\"],[\"RAM\",\"41464 \u00b7 IC3 \u00b7 IC4\",\"64K\u00d74\",\"Lower bank: IC3 bits 0\u20133, IC4 bits 4\u20137.\",\"41464|4464\"],[\"uPD765\",\"+3\",\"Floppy controller\",\"Runs the +3's 3\\\" drive.\",\"765|drive\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"zx81\",\"label\":\"ZX80 \/ ZX81\",\"groups\":[[\"ZX81\",[[\"ULA\",\"2C158 \u00b7 2C184E \u00b7 2C210E\",\"Video and I\/O\",\"Same pinout for all; the 2C184E gives a dim picture on modern TVs.\",\"2C1|\\\\bULA\\\\b\"],[\"Z80A\",\"3,25 MHz\",\"CPU\",\"Often NEC.\",\"Z80\"],[\"ROM\",\"2364 \u00b7 8K\",\"BASIC\",\"Sum of the 8192 bytes: 835106 or 854885.\",\"2364\"],[\"RAM\",\"4118 \u00b7 2\u00d7 2114\",\"1K\",\"One 1K\u00d78 4118 or two 2114s.\",\"4118|2114\"]]],[\"ZX80\",[[\"\u00b5PD780C-1\",\"Z80\",\"CPU\",\"No ULA: about 18 TTL chips make the video.\",\"780C\"],[\"ROM\",\"4K\",\"Integer BASIC\",\"4K ROM, 2532 type.\",\"2532\"]]]]},{\"id\":\"ql\",\"label\":\"QL\",\"groups\":[[\"System\",[[\"68008\",\"IC18\",\"CPU\",\"Processor with an 8-bit external bus; DTACK on pin 31.\",\"68008|IC18\"],[\"ZX8301\",\"IC22\",\"Video and RAM\",\"Makes the picture, RAS\/CAS and RAM refresh.\",\"8301|IC22\"],[\"ZX8302\",\"IC23\",\"Peripherals\",\"Microdrives, serial out, clock, network; talks to the IPC.\",\"8302|IC23\"],[\"IPC 8049\",\"IC24\",\"Keyboard, sound, serial\",\"Microcontroller for keyboard, sound and serial input.\",\"IPC|8049|IC24\"]]],[\"Memory and ROM\",[[\"RAM\",\"4164 \u00d716 \u00b7 IC1\u2013IC16\",\"128K\",\"Two banks: IC1\u20138 and IC9\u201316.\",\"IC1\u2013IC16|IC1-IC16|4164\"],[\"ROM\",\"IC33 32K \u00b7 IC34 16K\",\"QDOS and SuperBASIC\",\"Replaceable with Minerva on a 27C512 with an adapter.\",\"IC33|IC34|Minerva\"],[\"7805\",\"IC35\",\"+5 V\",\"Runs very hot; 78L12 (IC37) and 79L12 (IC36) for \u00b112 V.\",\"IC35|7805\"]]]]}],\"screen\":{\"cols\":32,\"border\":\"#cdcdcd\",\"bg\":\"#cdcdcd\",\"ink\":\"#000000\",\"boot\":[\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\u00a9 1982 Sinclair Research Ltd\"]},\"screens\":[{\"t\":\"Black screen\",\"d\":\"No picture, not even the border.\",\"go\":\"nopic48\",\"kind\":\"black\"},{\"t\":\"Black border, lines\",\"d\":\"Black border with horizontal lines: 48K, lower RAM and \u22125 V.\",\"go\":\"dcdc\",\"kind\":\"text\",\"border\":\"#000000\",\"bg\":\"#000000\",\"ink\":\"#9a9a9a\",\"cursor\":false,\"lines\":[\"\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580  \u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580  \u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\",\"\",\"\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\",\"\",\"\",\"\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580  \u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\",\"\",\"\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\u2584\",\"\",\"\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\u2580\"]},{\"t\":\"Vertical lines\",\"d\":\"Thin lines or blocks: a lower RAM.\",\"go\":\"lowram\",\"kind\":\"text\",\"border\":\"#cdcdcd\",\"bg\":\"#cdcdcd\",\"ink\":\"#000000\",\"cursor\":false,\"lines\":[\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f\",\"\u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f  \u258f \u00a9\u258f1982\u258f \u258f  \u258f\"]},{\"t\":\"Wide bands\",\"d\":\"Bands and a border that never turns white.\",\"go\":\"nocode\",\"kind\":\"colorize\",\"border\":\"#cd0000\",\"bg\":\"#000000\",\"seed\":5,\"lines\":[\"\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588        \u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\",\"        \u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588        \",\"\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588        \u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\",\"        \u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588        \"],\"cursor\":false},{\"t\":\"ZX81: dark screen\",\"d\":\"Dark grey with a blurred cursor.\",\"go\":\"ula81\",\"kind\":\"text\",\"border\":\"#333333\",\"bg\":\"#444444\",\"ink\":\"#777777\",\"lines\":[\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"\",\"K\"],\"cursor\":false},{\"t\":\"QL: \\\"tweed\\\" dots\",\"d\":\"Dots running down, then it locks up.\",\"go\":\"qltweed\",\"kind\":\"garbage\",\"border\":\"#000000\",\"bg\":\"#000000\",\"ink\":\"#ffffff\",\"seed\":21,\"rows\":10},{\"t\":\"QL: white screen\",\"d\":\"The first RAM test pass failed.\",\"go\":\"qlwhite\",\"kind\":\"blank\",\"border\":\"#ffffff\",\"bg\":\"#ffffff\"},{\"t\":\"QL: green screen\",\"d\":\"The second RAM test pass failed.\",\"go\":\"qlwhite\",\"kind\":\"blank\",\"border\":\"#00c000\",\"bg\":\"#00c000\"}],\"tools\":{\"meter\":[\"Multimeter\",\"meter\",\"#3fd8ff\",\"To measure 5 V, +12 V and \u22125 V on the 4116s, the supply and track continuity.\"],\"probe\":[\"Logic probe\",\"probe\",\"#ffd23f\",\"Cheap and quick: tells you whether a pin is high, low or \\\"moving\\\". Useful on the CPU, ROM, ULA and RAM.\"],\"deadtest\":[\"ZX-Diagnostics\",\"cart\",\"#e0398a\",\"The free test ROM for every Spectrum: lower and upper RAM with IC numbers, ROM, ULA, keyboard.\"],\"diag\":[\"ROM board or DivMMC\",\"harness\",\"#f8961e\",\"To run the diagnostics without pulling the ROM: SMART Card, DiagBoard or the tape version from a DivMMC.\"],\"eprom\":[\"EPROM programmer\",\"eprom\",\"#5ad15f\",\"To burn the diagnostic ROM on a 27C256 or Minerva on a 27C512.\"],\"minerva\":[\"Minerva\",\"eprom\",\"#c8102e\",\"The replacement QL operating system: fixes the ROM bugs and tests the RAM at boot, naming the chip.\"],\"serial\":[\"QL serial cable\",\"harness\",\"#3fd8ff\",\"To read the QL diagnostic ROM results on a PC (SER2, 4800 baud).\"]},\"equip\":[[\"psu|tr4|dcdc|qlpsu\",[\"meter\",\"psu\",\"therm\",\"iron\"]],[\"lowram|nocode|upperram|ram128|ramp3|mode48|diagrom\",[\"deadtest\",\"diag\",\"eprom\",\"probe\",\"chiptester\",\"socket\"]],[\"ql\",[\"minerva\",\"serial\",\"eprom\",\"probe\",\"chiptester\",\"socket\"]],[\"nopic|colour|video|gap3|ula81|dim81|hot48|zx80\",[\"scope\",\"meter\",\"probe\",\"spray\",\"lens\",\"iron\"]],[\"kb|tape|sound|disk3|rampack\",[\"meter\",\"alcohol\",\"iron\",\"lens\"]],[\"finalTest\",[\"deadtest\",\"minerva\",\"meter\",\"therm\"]]],\"links\":[[\"diagrom|nocode|lowram|upperram|dcdc\",[[\"Replacing the Spectrum ROM\",\"\/en\/cambiare-la-rom-dello-zx-spectrum\/\"],[\"ROM identifier\",\"\/en\/identificatore-rom\/\"]]],[\"qlminerva|qltweed|qlwhite|qlbit|qlpattern\",[[\"Minerva RAM decoder\",\"\/en\/ql-minerva-ram-decode\/\"],[\"Minerva ROM for the QL\",\"\/en\/rom-minerva\/\"]]],[\"qlrom|qlipc|diagrom\",[[\"Minerva ROM for the QL\",\"\/en\/rom-minerva\/\"]]],[\"nopic48|colour48\",[[\"Spectrum composite mod\",\"\/en\/spectrum-zx-composito\/\"],[\"Video connectors\",\"\/en\/connettori-video\/?macchina=spectrum\"]]],[\"video128\",[[\"+2 audio-video mod\",\"\/en\/zx-spectrum-2-audio-video-mod\/\"],[\"Video connectors\",\"\/en\/connettori-video\/?macchina=spectrum\"]]],[\"gap3|romp3\",[[\"+2A audio-video mod\",\"\/en\/zx-spectrum-2a-audio-video-mod\/\"]]]],\"videos\":[[\"^ql\",\"QL\"],[\"zx81|ula81|rampack|dim81|kb81|zx80|psu81\",\"ZX81\"],[\".\",\"Spectrum\"]],\"videoLabels\":{},\"periph\":[[\"cart\",\"#e0398a\",\"ZX-Diagnostics\",\"SPECTRUM TEST ROM\",\"Free, by Brendan Alford: 16K to +3. Names the faulty RAMs by IC number, tests ROM, ULA and keyboard, and has a soak test.\",\"https:\/\/github.com\/brendanalford\/zx-diagnostics\/releases\",\"Download ZX-Diagnostics\"],[\"eprom\",\"#f8961e\",\"Retroleum DiagROM\",\"SPECTRUM TEST ROM\",\"Phil Ruston's diagnostic ROM, preinstalled on Retroleum's ROM boards and SMART Card.\",\"https:\/\/blog.retroleum.co.uk\/electronics-articles\/a-diagnostic-rom-image-for-the-zx-spectrum\/\",\"Retroleum page\"],[\"eprom\",\"#c8102e\",\"Minerva\",\"QL OPERATING SYSTEM\",\"Version 1.98a1 maintained by Marcel Kilgus, with GPL sources. Burn it to an EPROM and fit it with an adapter.\",\"https:\/\/www.kilgus.net\/ql\/minerva\/\",\"Download Minerva\"],[\"chip\",\"#3fd8ff\",\"Minerva adapter\",\"RETROFIXER PROJECT\",\"Our 27C512 adapter (SMD or through-hole) that fits the QL ROM socket.\",\"\/en\/rom-minerva\/\",\"Go to the project\"],[\"cart\",\"#5ad15f\",\"QL Bare Metal Diagnostic ROM\",\"QL TEST ROM\",\"By Stephen Usher: runs even without RAM, tests RAM, IPC, keyboard and interrupts and writes everything to SER2.\",\"https:\/\/github.com\/stephen-usher\/Sinclair-QL-BareMetal-Diag-ROM\",\"Download the ROM\"]],\"docs\":[[\"book\",\"#ffd23f\",\"Spectrum service manual\",\"The official manual with fault tables and parts for each issue.\",\"https:\/\/k1.spdns.de\/Vintage\/Sinclair\/82\/Sinclair%20ZX%20Spectrum\/Repair\/\"],[\"book\",\"#3fd8ff\",\"Retroleum: repairing a Spectrum\",\"Step-by-step guide: supplies, RAM, ULA and diagnostics.\",\"https:\/\/blog.retroleum.co.uk\/electronics-articles\/repairing-a-zx-spectrum\"],[\"book\",\"#5ad15f\",\"ZX-Diagnostics wiki\",\"How to read the results and which IC matches each bit.\",\"https:\/\/github.com\/brendanalford\/zx-diagnostics\/wiki\/Firmware\"],[\"book\",\"#f8961e\",\"Spectrum For Everyone\",\"Articles on ULAs, ROMs and restoring the 128K machines.\",\"https:\/\/www.spectrumforeveryone.com\/\"],[\"book\",\"#c8102e\",\"QL service manual\",\"Boot symptoms, boards, ROMs and voltages.\",\"https:\/\/spectrumcomputing.co.uk\/pub\/sinclair\/technical-docs\/QL_ServiceManual.pdf\"],[\"book\",\"#e0398a\",\"QL ROMs (Dilwyn archive)\",\"Every ROM and Minerva version.\",\"https:\/\/sinclairql.net\/djw\/qlrom\/index.html\"],[\"book\",\"#3fd8ff\",\"ZX81 troubleshooting\",\"Symptoms and tests for the ZX81.\",\"https:\/\/retrotechwiki.com\/Sinclair_ZX81_Troubleshooting_Guide\"],[\"book\",\"#ffd23f\",\"Chip pinouts\",\"Our collection of pinouts.\",\"\/en\/pinout-chip\/\"]]}<\\\/script>\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  var root = document.getElementById('rfd');\r\n  [].forEach.call(root.querySelectorAll('.mach a'), function (a) {\r\n    if (location.pathname.indexOf(a.getAttribute('href')) === 0) { a.classList.add('on'); a.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page'); }\r\n  });\r\n  if (!root || root.dataset.ready) return;\r\n  root.dataset.ready = '1';\r\n  var $ = function (id) { return document.getElementById(id); };\r\n  function esc(s) { return String(s == null ? '' : s).replace(\/[&<>\"']\/g, function (c) { return { '&': '&amp;', '<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', '\"': '&quot;', \"'\": '&#39;' }[c]; }); }\r\n  function norm(s) { return String(s || '').toLowerCase().normalize('NFD').replace(\/[\u0300-\u036f]\/g, ''); }\r\n  var TREE = JSON.parse($('rfdData').textContent);\r\n  var CFG = JSON.parse($('rfdCfg').textContent);\r\n  var SEV = { alta: ['#f94144', 'HIGH SEVERITY'], media: ['#ffd23f', 'MEDIUM SEVERITY'], bassa: ['#5ad15f', 'LOW SEVERITY'] };\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- icone pixel (12x12) ---------- *\/\r\n  var PIX = {\r\n    meter: ['.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.ab.cccc.ba.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.a..aaaa..a.', '.a.a....a.a.', '.a..aaaa..a.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '..d......e..', '..d......e..', '..d......e..'],\r\n    scope: ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'ab..c...c.ba', 'ab.c.c.c.cba', 'abc...c...ba', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'a.dd.dd.dd.a', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    probe: ['.......aa...', '......abba..', '.....abba...', '....abba....', '...abba.....', '..acca......', '.acca.......', 'acca........', 'aa..........', 'd...........', 'd...........', 'd...........'],\r\n    iron:  ['..........aa', '.........aba', '........aba.', '.......aba..', '......cca...', '.....cc.....', '....cc......', '...dd.......', '..dd........', '.dd.........', 'dd..........', 'd...........'],\r\n    cart:  ['.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.abccccccba.', '.abccccccba.', '.abbbbbbbba.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '.aaaaaaaaaa.', '..d.d.d.d...', '..d.d.d.d...', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    harness: ['aaa......aaa', 'aba......aba', 'aaa......aaa', '.c........c.', '.c........c.', '..cccccccc..', '............', 'aaa......aaa', 'aba......aba', 'aaa......aaa', '.d........d.', '.dddddddddd.'],\r\n    chip:  ['.d.d.d.d.d..', 'aaaaaaaaaaa.', 'abbbbbbbbbad', 'ab.......ba.', 'ab.ccccc.bad', 'ab.......ba.', 'abbbbbbbbbad', 'aaaaaaaaaaa.', '.d.d.d.d.d..', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    eprom: ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'ab.cccccc.ba', 'ab.c....c.ba', 'ab.cccccc.ba', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '.d.d.d.d.d.d', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    spray: ['....aa......', '...abba..c..', '....aa..c.c.', '...aaaa...c.', '..abbbba....', '..abbbba....', '..abccba....', '..abccba....', '..abbbba....', '..abbbba....', '..aaaaaa....', '............'],\r\n    therm: ['....aaa.....', '...abbba....', '...abcba....', '...abcba....', '...abcba....', '...abcba....', '..abcccba...', '.abcccccba..', '.abcccccba..', '..abcccba...', '...aaaaa....', '............'],\r\n    psu:   ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'ab.c.c.c..ba', 'abbbbbbbbbba', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '.....dd.....', '.....d......', '.....d......', '....ddd.....', '....d.d.....', '............', '............'],\r\n    socket:['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'a.c.c.c.c.ca', 'a..........a', 'a.c.c.c.c.ca', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '.d.d.d.d.d.d', '............', '............', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    brush: ['..........aa', '.........aa.', '........aa..', '.......aa...', '......aa....', '.....bbb....', '....bbbbb...', '...ccccc....', '..ccccc.....', '.cccc.......', '............', '............'],\r\n    lens:  ['...aaaa.....', '..abbbba....', '.abccccba...', '.abccccba...', '.abccccba...', '..abbbba....', '...aaaa.d...', '........d...', '.........d..', '..........d.', '............', '............'],\r\n    book:  ['aaaaa.aaaaa.', 'abbba.abbba.', 'abbbaaabbba.', 'abbba.abbba.', 'abbba.abbba.', 'abbbaaabbba.', 'aaaaa.aaaaa.', '.....c......', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    people:['..aa....aa..', '.abba..abba.', '.abba..abba.', '..aa....aa..', '.aaaa..aaaa.', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '............', '............', '............', '............', '............'],\r\n    play:  ['aaaaaaaaaaaa', 'a..........a', 'a..b.......a', 'a..bbb.....a', 'a..bbbbb...a', 'a..bbb.....a', 'a..b.......a', 'a..........a', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa', '............', '............', '............']\r\n  };\r\n  function pix(name, col) {\r\n    var m = PIX[name] || PIX.chip, s = '', pal = { a: col, b: '#ffffff', c: '#5ad15f', d: '#9a9a9a', e: '#f94144' };\r\n    for (var y = 0; y < m.length; y++) for (var x = 0; x < m[y].length; x++) { var ch = m[y][x]; if (ch !== '.') s += '<rect x=\"' + x + '\" y=\"' + y + '\" width=\"1.02\" height=\"1.02\" fill=\"' + pal[ch] + '\"\/>'; }\r\n    return '<svg viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\" aria-hidden=\"true\">' + s + '<\/svg>';\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- attrezzatura ---------- *\/\r\n  var TOOLS = {\r\n    meter: ['Multimeter', 'meter', '#3fd8ff', 'For measuring 5 V, 9 V AC and 12 V, checking fuses, cables and trace continuity.'],\r\n    scope: ['Oscilloscope', 'scope', '#5ad15f', 'For viewing the clock, video signals and bus activity: essential for black-screen faults.'],\r\n    probe: ['Logic probe', 'probe', '#ffd23f', 'Cheap and quick: it tells you whether a pin is high, low or \"toggling\". Useful on RAM, CPU and PLA.'],\r\n    deadtest: ['Dead Test cartridge', 'cart', '#e0398a', 'Runs even without the KERNAL: tests RAM, ROM and colour RAM and flashes if the screen shows nothing.'],\r\n    diag: ['Diagnostic 586220 + loopback plugs', 'harness', '#f8961e', 'Tests the keyboard, ports, CIAs and SID with the loopback plugs.'],\r\n    chiptester: ['Chip tester', 'chip', '#3fd8ff', 'Tests RAM, ROM and 74xx logic off the board, for example with a Retro Chip Tester.'],\r\n    eprom: ['EPROM programmer', 'eprom', '#5ad15f', 'For replacing the BASIC, KERNAL and Character ROM with new EPROMs (with an adapter).'],\r\n    iron: ['Soldering and desoldering iron', 'iron', '#f94144', 'Temperature-controlled. A solder sucker or a desoldering station saves the traces.'],\r\n    socket: ['Turned-pin sockets', 'socket', '#ffd23f', 'Fit them for the chips you replace: next time you just pull them out.'],\r\n    alcohol: ['Isopropyl alcohol and brush', 'brush', '#3fd8ff', 'For oxidised contacts on ports, connectors and keyboard.'],\r\n    spray: ['Freeze spray \/ hot air', 'spray', '#5ad15f', 'For faults that appear when hot or cold: cool one chip at a time.'],\r\n    therm: ['IR thermometer or thermal camera', 'therm', '#f8961e', 'Finds the chip that runs too hot in seconds (often the shorted one).'],\r\n    psu: ['Safe power supply', 'psu', '#e0398a', 'Modern, with overvoltage protection: it protects the repaired computer.'],\r\n    lens: ['Magnifier or microscope', 'lens', '#3fd8ff', 'For finding cold solder joints, broken traces and broken pins.']\r\n  };\r\n  if (CFG.tools) Object.keys(CFG.tools).forEach(function (k) { if (CFG.tools[k]) TOOLS[k] = CFG.tools[k]; else delete TOOLS[k]; });\r\n  \/\/ attrezzatura, pagine collegate e video: regole dalla configurazione della macchina\r\n  function rules(list) { return (list || []).map(function (r) { return [new RegExp(r[0]), r[1]]; }); }\r\n  var EQUIP_RULES = rules(CFG.equip), LINK_RULES = rules(CFG.links), VIDEO_RULES = rules(CFG.videos);\r\n  var VIDEO_LABEL = CFG.videoLabels || {}; \/\/ etichette per i filtri del tipo \"?macchina=...\"\r\n  function equipFor(id) { for (var i = 0; i < EQUIP_RULES.length; i++) if (EQUIP_RULES[i][0].test(id)) return EQUIP_RULES[i][1]; return ['meter', 'iron']; }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- chip ---------- *\/\r\n  var BOARDS = CFG.boards, B0 = BOARDS[0].id, CHIPS = {};\r\n  BOARDS.forEach(function (b) { CHIPS[b.id] = b.groups.map(function (g) { return [g[0], g[1].map(function (c) { return [c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3], new RegExp(c[4])]; })]; }); });\r\n  $('rfdTabs').innerHTML = BOARDS.map(function (b, i) { return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"tab' + (i ? '' : ' on') + '\" data-b=\"' + b.id + '\">' + esc(b.label) + '<\/button>'; }).join('');\r\n  var board = B0, hotSet = [];\r\n  function renderBoard() {\r\n    $('rfdBoard').innerHTML = CHIPS[board].map(function (g, gi) {\r\n      return '<div class=\"grp\"><b>' + esc(g[0].toUpperCase()) + '<\/b><div class=\"row\">' + g[1].map(function (c, ci) {\r\n        var hot = hotSet.indexOf(gi + '-' + ci) >= 0;\r\n        return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"ic' + (hot ? ' hot' : '') + '\" data-c=\"' + gi + '-' + ci + '\"><span class=\"u\">' + esc(c[0]) + '<\/span><span class=\"p\">' + esc(c[1]) + '<\/span><span class=\"r\">' + esc(c[2]) + '<\/span><\/button>';\r\n      }).join('') + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n    }).join('');\r\n  }\r\n  function chipInfo(key) {\r\n    var p = key.split('-'), c = CHIPS[board][+p[0]][1][+p[1]];\r\n    $('rfdIcInfo').innerHTML = '<b>' + esc(c[0]) + ' \u00b7 ' + esc(c[1]) + '<\/b> \u2014 ' + esc(c[2]) + '<br>' + esc(c[3]);\r\n  }\r\n  function chipsInText(text) {\r\n    var out = [];\r\n    CHIPS[B0].forEach(function (g, gi) { g[1].forEach(function (c, ci) { if (c[4].test(text)) out.push(gi + '-' + ci); }); });\r\n    return out;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- schermate tipiche ---------- *\/\r\n  var SCR = CFG.screen;\r\n  function seeded(n) { var s = n; return function () { s = (s * 9301 + 49297) % 233280; return s \/ 233280; }; }\r\n  var PAL = ['#000000', '#ffffff', '#883932', '#67b6bd', '#8b3f96', '#55a049', '#40318d', '#bfce72', '#8b5429', '#574200', '#b86962', '#505050', '#787878', '#94e089', '#7869c4', '#9f9f9f'];\r\n  var GLYPH = '\u2580\u2584\u2588\u258c\u2590\u2591\u2592\u2593\u25a0\u25a1\u25aa\u25c6\u25c7\u25cb\u25cf\u25d8\u25d9\u2660\u2663\u2665\u2666\u2571\u2572\u2573\u253c\u2524\u251c\u252c\u2534\u2502\u2500';\r\n  function scrGarbage(seed, cols, rows) {\r\n    var r = seeded(seed), lines = [];\r\n    for (var y = 0; y < rows; y++) { var l = ''; for (var x = 0; x < cols; x++) l += GLYPH[Math.floor(r() * GLYPH.length)]; lines.push(l); }\r\n    return lines.join('\\n');\r\n  }\r\n  function colorize(text, seed) {\r\n    var r = seeded(seed);\r\n    return text.split('').map(function (ch) { return ch === '\\n' || ch === ' ' ? ch : '<span style=\"color:' + PAL[1 + Math.floor(r() * 15)] + '\">' + esc(ch) + '<\/span>'; }).join('');\r\n  }\r\n  function charrom(text) { var map = '\u2592\u2593\u259a\u259e\u2599\u259f\u259b\u259c\u25a0\u25d8'; return esc(text).replace(\/[A-Z0-9*.()]\/g, function (c) { return map[c.charCodeAt(0) % map.length]; }); }\r\n  function screenHtml(s) {\r\n    if (s.kind === 'nosignal') return '<div class=\"scr nosig\"><b>' + esc(s.label || 'NO SIGNAL') + '<\/b><\/div>';\r\n    if (s.kind === 'black') return '<div class=\"scr black\"><div class=\"in\"><\/div><\/div>';\r\n    var cols = s.cols || SCR.cols, text = (s.lines || SCR.boot).join('\\n') + (s.cursor === false ? '' : '\\n\u2588');\r\n    var fs = Math.min(8.5, 84 \/ (cols * 0.5)).toFixed(2);\r\n    var inner = s.kind === 'blank' ? '' : s.kind === 'garbage' ? scrGarbage(s.seed || 7, cols, s.rows || 12) : s.kind === 'charrom' ? charrom(text) : s.kind === 'colorize' ? colorize(text, s.seed || 3) : esc(text);\r\n    return '<div class=\"scr' + (s.kind === 'jail' ? ' jail' : '') + '\" style=\"background:' + (s.border || SCR.border) + '\"><div class=\"in\" style=\"background-color:' + (s.bg || SCR.bg) + ';color:' + (s.ink || SCR.ink) + ';font-size:' + fs + 'cqw\">' + inner + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n  }\r\n  var SCREENS = CFG.screens.map(function (s) { return { t: s.t, d: s.d, go: s.go, html: screenHtml(s) }; });\r\n  $('rfdScreens').innerHTML = SCREENS.map(function (s, i) {\r\n    return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"scard\" data-go=\"' + s.go + '\"><div class=\"tv\">' + s.html + '<\/div><b>' + esc(s.t) + '<\/b><small>' + esc(s.d) + '<\/small><span class=\"go\">GO TO DIAGNOSIS \u25b6<\/span><\/button>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- periferiche, attrezzatura, documenti ---------- *\/\r\n  var PERIPH = CFG.periph;\r\n  $('rfdPeriph').innerHTML = PERIPH.map(function (p) {\r\n    var tag = p[5] ? 'a href=\"' + p[5] + '\"' : 'div';\r\n    return '<' + tag + ' class=\"card\" style=\"--acc:' + p[1] + '\"><div class=\"ct\">' + pix(p[0], p[1]) + '<div><h4>' + esc(p[2]) + '<\/h4><span class=\"tag\">' + esc(p[3]) + '<\/span><\/div><\/div><p>' + esc(p[4]) + '<\/p>' + (p[5] ? '<span class=\"dom\">' + esc(p[6]) + ' \u2192<\/span>' : '') + '<\/' + (p[5] ? 'a' : 'div') + '>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  $('rfdTools').innerHTML = Object.keys(TOOLS).map(function (k) {\r\n    var t = TOOLS[k];\r\n    return '<div class=\"card\" style=\"--acc:' + t[2] + '\"><div class=\"ct\">' + pix(t[1], t[2]) + '<h4>' + esc(t[0]) + '<\/h4><\/div><p>' + esc(t[3]) + '<\/p><\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  var DOCS = CFG.docs;\r\n  function host(u) { if (u.charAt(0) === '\/') return 'retrofixer.it'; try { return new URL(u).hostname.replace(\/^www\\.\/, ''); } catch (e) { return ''; } }\r\n  $('rfdDocs').innerHTML = DOCS.map(function (d) {\r\n    var ext = d[4].charAt(0) !== '\/';\r\n    return '<a class=\"card\" href=\"' + d[4] + '\"' + (ext ? ' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"' : '') + ' style=\"--acc:' + d[1] + '\"><div class=\"ct\">' + pix(d[0], d[1]) + '<h4>' + esc(d[2]) + '<\/h4><\/div><p>' + esc(d[3]) + '<\/p><span class=\"dom\">' + esc(host(d[4])) + (ext ? ' \u2197' : ' \u2192') + '<\/span><\/a>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- diagnosi guidata ---------- *\/\r\n  var path = ['start'];\r\n  var nodeCount = Object.keys(TREE).filter(function (k) { return !TREE[k].question; }).length;\r\n  $('rfdCount').innerHTML = nodeCount + ' DIAGNOSES<small>SYSTEM READY.<\/small>';\r\n  function title(id) { var n = TREE[id]; if (!n) return id; if (id === 'start') return 'Start'; return n.diagnosis || n.question; }\r\n  function shortT(s) { s = String(s); return s.length > 38 ? s.slice(0, 36) + '\u2026' : s; }\r\n  function li(line) {\r\n    var t = String(line);\r\n    if (!t.trim()) return '';\r\n    var m = \/^\\s*(?:\u2022|-|\u2013)\\s*(.*)$\/.exec(t);\r\n    if (\/^\\s{2,}\/.test(t) || (m && \/^\\s\/.test(t))) return '<li class=\"sub\">' + esc(m ? m[1] : t.trim()) + '<\/li>';\r\n    if (\/^\\s*(POKE|SYS|LOAD|PRINT)\\b\/.test(t)) return '<li class=\"code\">' + esc(t.trim()) + '<\/li>';\r\n    if (\/:\\s*$\/.test(t)) return '<li class=\"head\">' + esc(t.trim()) + '<\/li>';\r\n    return '<li>' + esc(m ? m[1] : t) + '<\/li>';\r\n  }\r\n  function render(scroll) {\r\n    var id = path[path.length - 1], n = TREE[id];\r\n    if (!n) { path = ['start']; id = 'start'; n = TREE.start; }\r\n    $('rfdCrumbs').innerHTML = path.map(function (p, i) {\r\n      var last = i === path.length - 1;\r\n      return (i ? '<span>\u203a<\/span>' : '') + (last ? '<span class=\"here\">' + esc(shortT(title(p))) + '<\/span>' : '<button type=\"button\" data-crumb=\"' + i + '\">' + esc(shortT(title(p))) + '<\/button>');\r\n    }).join('');\r\n    $('rfdBack').disabled = path.length < 2;\r\n    var html = '';\r\n    if (n.question) {\r\n      html = '<div class=\"c64\"><div class=\"ready\">0 OK, 0:1<\/div><div class=\"qq\">? ' + esc(n.question) + '<\/div>' +\r\n        (n.info ? '<div class=\"info\"><b>' + esc(n.info.title) + '<\/b>' + n.info.content.map(function (l) { return l ? esc(l) + '<br>' : '<br>'; }).join('') + '<\/div>' : '') +\r\n        '<div class=\"opts\">' + n.options.map(function (o, i) { return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"opt\" data-next=\"' + esc(o.next) + '\"><span class=\"n\">' + (i < 9 ? (i + 1) : '\u00b7') + '.<\/span><span>' + esc(o.label) + '<\/span><\/button>'; }).join('') + '<\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"ready\" style=\"margin-top:12px\">PRESS 1-' + Math.min(9, n.options.length) + ' <span class=\"cur\"><\/span><\/div><\/div>';\r\n      hotSet = []; renderBoard();\r\n    } else {\r\n      var sev = SEV[n.severity] || ['#7c70da', 'DIAGNOSIS'];\r\n      var text = [n.diagnosis].concat(n.checks || [], n.solutions || [], n.notes || [], (n.chipLocations && n.chipLocations.positions) || []).join(' ');\r\n      var chips = chipsInText(text);\r\n      var eq = equipFor(id), links = [], video = null;\r\n      LINK_RULES.forEach(function (r) { if (r[0].test(id)) links = links.concat(r[1]); });\r\n      for (var v = 0; v < VIDEO_RULES.length; v++) if (VIDEO_RULES[v][0].test(id)) { video = VIDEO_RULES[v][1]; break; }\r\n      html = '<div class=\"dg\"><div class=\"dg-head\" style=\"--sev:' + sev[0] + '\"><h3>' + esc(n.diagnosis) + '<\/h3><span class=\"sev\">' + sev[1] + '<\/span><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"cols\"><div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#3fd8ff\"><h4>\ud83d\udd0d CHECKS TO MAKE<\/h4><ul>' + (n.checks || []).map(li).join('') + '<\/ul><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#5ad15f\"><h4>\ud83d\udd27 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS<\/h4><ul>' + (n.solutions || []).map(li).join('') + '<\/ul><\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        (n.chipLocations ? '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#c09bff\"><h4>\ud83d\udccd ' + esc(n.chipLocations.title.toUpperCase()) + '<\/h4><ul>' + n.chipLocations.positions.map(li).join('') + '<\/ul><\/div>' : '') +\r\n        (n.notes ? '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#ffd23f\"><h4>\ud83d\udcdd NOTES<\/h4><p>' + esc(n.notes) + '<\/p><\/div>' : '') +\r\n        (chips.length ? '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#ffd23f\"><h4>\ud83d\udd32 CHIPS INVOLVED' + (CFG.chipNote ? ' (' + esc(CFG.chipNote) + ')' : '') + '<\/h4><div class=\"chips\">' + chips.map(function (k) { var p = k.split('-'), c = CHIPS[B0][+p[0]][1][+p[1]]; return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"chip\" data-chip=\"' + k + '\"><span class=\"u\">' + esc(c[0]) + '<\/span>' + esc(c[2]) + '<\/button>'; }).join('') + '<\/div><\/div>' : '') +\r\n        '<div class=\"box\" style=\"--acc:#f8961e\"><h4>\ud83e\uddf0 EQUIPMENT FOR THIS JOB<\/h4><div class=\"tools\">' + eq.map(function (k) { var t = TOOLS[k]; return '<div class=\"tool\">' + pix(t[1], t[2]) + '<span>' + esc(t[0]) + '<\/span><\/div>'; }).join('') + '<\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        ((links.length || video) ? '<div class=\"links\">' + links.map(function (l) { return '<a class=\"btn\" href=\"' + l[1] + '\">' + esc(l[0]) + '<\/a>'; }).join('') + (video ? '<a class=\"btn r\" href=\"\/en\/videoteca\/' + (video.charAt(0) === '?' ? video : '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(video)) + '\">\u25b6 VIDEO: ' + esc((VIDEO_LABEL['' + video] || video).toUpperCase()) + '<\/a>' : '') + '<\/div>' : '') +\r\n        '<\/div>';\r\n      if (board !== B0) { board = B0; root.querySelectorAll('.tab').forEach(function (t) { t.classList.toggle('on', t.dataset.b === B0); }); }\r\n      hotSet = chips; renderBoard();\r\n    }\r\n    $('rfdStep').innerHTML = html;\r\n    writeUrl(id);\r\n    if (scroll) $('rfd-diagnosi').scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\r\n  }\r\n  function go(id, scroll) {\r\n    if (!TREE[id]) return;\r\n    var i = path.indexOf(id);\r\n    if (i >= 0) path = path.slice(0, i + 1); else path.push(id);\r\n    render(scroll);\r\n  }\r\n  function jump(id) { path = ['start']; if (id !== 'start') path = pathTo(id) || ['start', id]; render(true); }\r\n  \/\/ percorso dalla domanda iniziale fino a un nodo (per le scorciatoie)\r\n  function pathTo(target) {\r\n    var seen = {}, q = [['start']];\r\n    while (q.length) {\r\n      var p = q.shift(), last = p[p.length - 1];\r\n      if (last === target) return p;\r\n      if (seen[last]) continue; seen[last] = 1;\r\n      var n = TREE[last]; if (n && n.options) n.options.forEach(function (o) { q.push(p.concat(o.next)); });\r\n    }\r\n    return null;\r\n  }\r\n  function writeUrl(id) {\r\n    var p = new URLSearchParams(location.search);\r\n    if (id && id !== 'start') p.set('passo', id); else p.delete('passo');\r\n    var s = p.toString();\r\n    try { history.replaceState(null, '', location.pathname + (s ? '?' + s : '') + location.hash); } catch (e) { \/* ignora *\/ }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- ricerca ---------- *\/\r\n  var INDEX = Object.keys(TREE).map(function (k) {\r\n    var n = TREE[k];\r\n    return { id: k, t: title(k), d: !n.question, text: norm([title(k)].concat(n.checks || [], n.solutions || [], n.notes || [], (n.options || []).map(function (o) { return o.label; })).join(' ')) };\r\n  }).filter(function (x) { return x.id !== 'start'; });\r\n  function search(q) {\r\n    var words = norm(q).split(\/\\s+\/).filter(function (w) { return w.length > 1; });\r\n    if (!words.length) { $('rfdRes').innerHTML = ''; return; }\r\n    var res = INDEX.map(function (x) {\r\n      var s = 0; for (var i = 0; i < words.length; i++) { if (x.text.indexOf(words[i]) < 0) return null; if (norm(x.t).indexOf(words[i]) >= 0) s += 3; s += 1; }\r\n      return { x: x, s: s + (x.d ? 1 : 0) };\r\n    }).filter(Boolean).sort(function (a, b) { return b.s - a.s; }).slice(0, 8);\r\n    $('rfdRes').innerHTML = res.length ? res.map(function (r) {\r\n      return '<button type=\"button\" class=\"res\" data-jump=\"' + r.x.id + '\"><span class=\"tp' + (r.x.d ? ' d' : '') + '\">' + (r.x.d ? 'DIAGNOSIS' : 'QUESTION') + '<\/span>' + esc(r.x.t) + '<\/button>';\r\n    }).join('') : '<div class=\"res\" style=\"cursor:default\">?NOT FOUND \u2014 try another word, for example \"screen\", \"sound\", \"keyboard\".<\/div>';\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* ---------- eventi ---------- *\/\r\n  var st;\r\n  $('rfdQ').addEventListener('input', function (e) { clearTimeout(st); st = setTimeout(function () { search(e.target.value); }, 120); });\r\n  root.addEventListener('click', function (e) {\r\n    var t;\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-next]'))) { go(t.dataset.next, false); var f = $('rfdStep').querySelector('.opt, .dg-head'); if (f) $('rfd-diagnosi').scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-crumb]'))) { path = path.slice(0, +t.dataset.crumb + 1); render(false); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-go]'))) { jump(t.dataset.go); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-jump]'))) { $('rfdRes').innerHTML = ''; $('rfdQ').value = ''; jump(t.dataset.jump); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('[data-chip]'))) { chipInfo(t.dataset.chip); $('rfd-chip').scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('.ic'))) { chipInfo(t.dataset.c); return; }\r\n    if ((t = e.target.closest('.tab'))) { board = t.dataset.b; root.querySelectorAll('.tab').forEach(function (x) { x.classList.toggle('on', x === t); }); hotSet = board === B0 ? hotSet : []; renderBoard(); $('rfdIcInfo').textContent = 'Select a chip to see the details.'; return; }\r\n  });\r\n  $('rfdBack').onclick = function () { if (path.length > 1) { path.pop(); render(false); } };\r\n  $('rfdRestart').onclick = function () { path = ['start']; render(true); };\r\n  $('rfdShare').onclick = function () {\r\n    var url = location.href, done = function () { toast('LINK COPIED.'); };\r\n    if (navigator.clipboard && navigator.clipboard.writeText) navigator.clipboard.writeText(url).then(done, function () { prompt('Copy the link:', url); });\r\n    else prompt('Copy the link:', url);\r\n  };\r\n  document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {\r\n    if (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('input, textarea, select, [contenteditable]')) return;\r\n    if (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey || !\/^[1-9]$\/.test(e.key)) return;\r\n    var r = $('rfd-diagnosi').getBoundingClientRect();\r\n    if (r.bottom < 0 || r.top > innerHeight) return;\r\n    var b = $('rfdStep').querySelectorAll('.opt')[+e.key - 1];\r\n    if (b) { e.preventDefault(); b.click(); }\r\n  });\r\n  var tt;\r\n  function toast(m) { var t = $('rfdToast'); t.textContent = m; t.classList.add('show'); clearTimeout(tt); tt = setTimeout(function () { t.classList.remove('show'); }, 1800); }\r\n\r\n  var start = new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('passo');\r\n  renderBoard();\r\n  if (start && TREE[start]) { path = pathTo(start) || ['start', start]; render(false); setTimeout(function () { $('rfd-diagnosi').scrollIntoView({ block: 'start' }); }, 300); }\r\n  else render(false);\r\n})();\r\n<\\\/script><\/script>\r\n<script>(function(){if(!window.RF_EN)return;var s=document.currentScript,src=s.previousElementSibling,it=src.previousElementSibling;var box=document.createElement('div');box.setAttribute('data-no-translation','');box.innerHTML=src.textContent.replace(\/<\\\\(\\\/script|!--)\/gi,'<$1');it.parentNode.replaceChild(box,it);[].forEach.call(box.querySelectorAll('script'),function(o){var n=document.createElement('script');[].forEach.call(o.attributes,function(a){n.setAttribute(a.name,a.value)});n.textContent=o.textContent;o.parentNode.replaceChild(n,o)});})();<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>RIPARA IL TUO SINCLAIR VIC-201980 \u00b7 VIC-IC641982 \u00b7 VIC-II \/ SIDC1281985 \u00b7 Z80 + 8502Amiga500 \u00b7 600 \u00b7 1200SinclairZX80 \u00b7 Spectrum \u00b7 QLConsolePong \u2192 PS2 GUASTI<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11802","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11802","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11802"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11802\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11842,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11802\/revisions\/11842"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11802"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11802"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11802"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}