{"id":11875,"date":"2026-11-12T12:26:20","date_gmt":"2026-11-12T11:26:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/alimentatori\/"},"modified":"2026-11-12T12:35:48","modified_gmt":"2026-11-12T11:35:48","slug":"alimentatori","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/alimentatori\/","title":{"rendered":"Power supplies for retro computers and arcade"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11875\" class=\"elementor elementor-11875\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1f5c07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a1f5c07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e2d94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e2d94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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.foot{margin-top:56px;padding-top:20px;border-top:2px solid var(--line);font-size:13.5px;color:var(--muted)}\n@media (max-width:980px){\n  .rfps .cgrid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}\n  .rfps .cards{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}\n  .rfps .figs2{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}\n}\n@media (max-width:620px){\n  .rfps{font-size:15px;padding:30px 0 50px}\n  .rfps .wrap{padding:0 12px}\n  .rfps .cards,.rfps .cards.c2{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}\n  .rfps .fields{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:8px}\n  .rfps .calc{padding:12px;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #000}\n  .rfps .fig{padding:6px}\n  .rfps .rrow{font-size:13px;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:2px 10px}\n  .rfps .rrow b{white-space:normal;margin-left:auto;font-size:20px}\n  .rfps .rrow.big b{font-size:24px}\n  .rfps .chain .r{flex-basis:100%}\n}\n@media (max-width:400px){\n  .rfps .fields{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}\n}\nbody:has(.rfps) .post-views.entry-meta{display:block;margin:0;padding:7px 16px;text-align:center;font:12px\/1.4 Inter,system-ui,sans-serif;color:#aaa5d8;background:#0f0c24;border-top:2px solid #342c74;border-bottom:2px solid #5ad15f}\n.rfps .w2{grid-column:1\/-1}\n.rfps #rFig{max-width:820px;margin:16px auto 0}\n.rfps #rFig:empty{display:none}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"rfps\" id=\"rfps\" data-no-translation>\n  <div class=\"stripe\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <span class=\"kicker\"><span data-l=\"it\">ALIMENTATORI \u00b7 LINEARI \u00b7 SWITCHING \u00b7 ATX \u00b7 JAMMA<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">POWER SUPPLIES \u00b7 LINEAR \u00b7 SWITCHING \u00b7 ATX \u00b7 JAMMA<\/span><\/span>\n    <h2 class=\"h2\"><span data-l=\"it\">Alimentatori per retro computer e schede arcade<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Power supplies for retro computers and arcade boards<\/span><\/h2>\n    <div data-l=\"it\">\n      <p class=\"sub\">Una guida pratica per <b>progettare e costruire un alimentatore<\/b>: dal trasformatore al condensatore di livellamento, dai regolatori <b>7805, 7812, 7905<\/b> e <b>LM317<\/b> fino ai 5 A con transistor di potenza, LM338 o moduli switching. Poi il recupero di un <b>alimentatore ATX<\/b>, le tensioni negative <b>\u22125 V e \u221212 V<\/b> e il collegamento a una scheda arcade <b>JAMMA<\/b>. Ogni sezione ha il suo <b>calcolatore<\/b>: inserisci i tuoi valori e ottieni condensatori, potenza dissipata, temperatura, dissipatore e caduta sui cavi.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div data-l=\"en\">\n      <p class=\"sub\">A practical guide to <b>designing and building a power supply<\/b>: from the transformer to the smoothing capacitor, from the <b>7805, 7812, 7905<\/b> and <b>LM317<\/b> regulators up to 5 A with a pass transistor, an LM338 or a switching module. Then reusing an <b>ATX power supply<\/b>, the negative <b>\u22125 V and \u221212 V<\/b> rails and wiring a <b>JAMMA<\/b> arcade board. Every section has its own <b>calculator<\/b>: enter your values and get capacitors, dissipated power, temperature, heatsink and cable voltage drop.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <nav class=\"toc\">\n      <a href=\"#rfps-dc\"><i>1<\/i> <span data-l=\"it\">Dal trasformatore alla DC<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transformer to DC<\/span><\/a>\n      <a href=\"#rfps-lin\"><i>2<\/i> 78xx \u00b7 79xx \u00b7 LM317<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#rfps-hs\"><i>3<\/i> <span data-l=\"it\">Dissipatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Heatsink<\/span><\/a>\n      <a href=\"#rfps-5a\"><i>4<\/i> <span data-l=\"it\">Fino a 5 A<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Up to 5 A<\/span><\/a>\n      <a href=\"#rfps-atx\"><i>5<\/i> <span data-l=\"it\">Alimentatore ATX<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">ATX power supply<\/span><\/a>\n      <a href=\"#rfps-neg\"><i>6<\/i> <span data-l=\"it\">\u22125 V e \u221212 V<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">\u22125 V and \u221212 V<\/span><\/a>\n      <a href=\"#rfps-jamma\"><i>7<\/i> <span data-l=\"it\">JAMMA e cavi<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">JAMMA and wiring<\/span><\/a>\n    <\/nav>\n    <div class=\"alert red\">\n      <span class=\"ico\">&#9889;<\/span>\n      <div data-l=\"it\"><p><b>La tensione di rete a 230 V uccide.<\/b> Il primario del trasformatore, il fusibile, l'interruttore e l'interno di un alimentatore switching sono a tensione di rete. Usa un contenitore chiuso, il fusibile sul primario, il filo di terra collegato alle parti metalliche e guaine termorestringenti su ogni saldatura. Se non hai esperienza con la rete, parti da un alimentatore gi\u00e0 fatto (ATX o alimentatore da banco) e lavora solo sulla parte in bassa tensione.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div data-l=\"en\"><p><b>230 V mains can kill.<\/b> The transformer primary, the fuse, the switch and the inside of a switching supply are all at mains voltage. Use a closed enclosure, a fuse on the primary, earth bonded to any metal part and heat-shrink sleeving on every joint. If you have no mains experience, start from a ready-made supply (ATX or bench supply) and work only on the low-voltage side.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 1 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-dc\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">01<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Dal trasformatore alla tensione continua<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">From the transformer to DC<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>Un alimentatore lineare classico ha quattro blocchi: <b>trasformatore<\/b> (abbassa e isola la rete), <b>ponte raddrizzatore<\/b> (porta tutte le semionde dalla stessa parte), <b>condensatore di livellamento<\/b> (riempie i buchi tra un picco e l'altro) e <b>regolatore<\/b> (toglie il ripple e fissa la tensione).<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li>La tensione scritta sul trasformatore \u00e8 il <b>valore efficace<\/b> (RMS) a pieno carico. Il <b>picco<\/b> \u00e8 \u221a2 volte pi\u00f9 alto: un 12 V~ arriva a circa 17 V di picco.<\/li>\n          <li>Il ponte toglie due cadute di diodo, perch\u00e9 la corrente passa sempre in due diodi: circa <b>2 \u00d7 1 V<\/b> con i ponti al silicio alla corrente nominale, meno con i ponti Schottky.<\/li>\n          <li>Tra un picco e l'altro il condensatore si scarica sul carico: la tensione scende di <b>\u0394V<\/b> (ripple). Con il ponte i picchi arrivano 100 volte al secondo (rete a 50 Hz), quindi <code>C \u2248 I \/ (2 \u00b7 f \u00b7 \u0394V)<\/code>.<\/li>\n          <li>Il regolatore funziona finch\u00e9 il punto pi\u00f9 basso del ripple resta sopra <b>Vout + dropout<\/b>. Conta anche la rete bassa: in Italia la tensione pu\u00f2 scendere del 10%.<\/li>\n          <li>A vuoto e con la rete alta la tensione sale: i trasformatori piccoli danno anche il 15\u201325% in pi\u00f9 senza carico. Il condensatore deve reggere quella tensione con margine.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>A classic linear supply has four blocks: the <b>transformer<\/b> (steps the mains down and isolates it), the <b>bridge rectifier<\/b> (flips every half-wave to the same polarity), the <b>smoothing capacitor<\/b> (fills the gaps between peaks) and the <b>regulator<\/b> (removes the ripple and fixes the voltage).<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li>The voltage printed on the transformer is the <b>RMS value<\/b> at full load. The <b>peak<\/b> is \u221a2 times higher: a 12 V~ secondary reaches about 17 V peak.<\/li>\n          <li>The bridge drops two diode voltages, because the current always flows through two diodes: about <b>2 \u00d7 1 V<\/b> for silicon bridges at rated current, less with Schottky bridges.<\/li>\n          <li>Between peaks the capacitor discharges into the load and the voltage falls by <b>\u0394V<\/b> (ripple). A bridge gives 100 peaks per second on 50 Hz mains, hence <code>C \u2248 I \/ (2 \u00b7 f \u00b7 \u0394V)<\/code>.<\/li>\n          <li>The regulator works as long as the lowest point of the ripple stays above <b>Vout + dropout<\/b>. Allow for low mains too: it can be 10% under nominal.<\/li>\n          <li>With no load and high mains the voltage rises: small transformers give 15\u201325% more when unloaded. The capacitor must stand that voltage with some margin.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"raddrizzatore\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 250\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Trasformatore, ponte e condensatore\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"110\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"99\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">L<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"190\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"211\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">N<\/text><text x=\"40\" y=\"160\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">230 V~<\/text><polyline points=\"30,110 50,110\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"80,110 100,110\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"50\" y=\"104\" width=\"30\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><polyline points=\"50,110 80,110\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"65\" y=\"98\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">F1<\/text><text x=\"65\" y=\"134\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"middle\">T<\/text><polyline points=\"100,110 130,110 130,125\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,190 130,190 130,175\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M130 125 a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 0 12.5 a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 0 12.5 a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 0 12.5 a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 0 12.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/><polyline points=\"146,122 146,178\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"152,122 152,178\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M168 125 a6.2 6.2 0 0 0 0 12.5 a6.2 6.2 0 0 0 0 12.5 a6.2 6.2 0 0 0 0 12.5 a6.2 6.2 0 0 0 0 12.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/><text x=\"149\" y=\"106\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">T1<\/text><text x=\"205\" y=\"160\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Vrms<\/text><polyline points=\"168,125 168,118 245,118\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"168,175 168,172 245,172\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"245\" y=\"95\" width=\"90\" height=\"100\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><polygon points=\"290,115 316,141 290,167 264,141\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><polygon points=\"269.9,128 277,135.0 280.5,124.4\" fill=\"#aaa5d8\"\/><polyline points=\"277,120.9 284.0,128\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"303,120.9 295.9,128 306.5,131.5\" fill=\"#aaa5d8\"\/><polyline points=\"310.0,128 303,135.0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"277,146.9 269.9,154 280.5,157.5\" fill=\"#aaa5d8\"\/><polyline points=\"284.0,154 277,161.0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"295.9,154 303,161.0 306.5,150.4\" fill=\"#aaa5d8\"\/><polyline points=\"303,146.9 310.0,154\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"253\" y=\"122\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">~<\/text><text x=\"253\" y=\"176\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">~<\/text><text x=\"327\" y=\"122\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">+<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"189\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\u2212<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"87\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B1<\/text><polyline points=\"335,118 640,118\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"290,195 290,228 640,228\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"420\" cy=\"118\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"420\" cy=\"228\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"420,118 420,169\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"420,177 420,228\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"407,169 433,169\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M407 182 Q420 175 433 182\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"400\" y=\"165\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"420,177 420,179\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"434\" y=\"171\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"434\" y=\"188\" class=\"v dyn-c1\" text-anchor=\"start\">C<\/text><circle cx=\"520\" cy=\"118\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"520\" cy=\"228\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"520,118 520,156\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"520,190 520,228\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"513\" y=\"156\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"534\" y=\"171\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">R1<\/text><text x=\"534\" y=\"188\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">2k2\u201310k<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"118\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"107\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">Vdc<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"228\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"249\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><path d=\"M440 80L442 72.7L444 65.5L446 58.6L448 52.0L450 45.9L452 40.2L454 35.3L456 31.0L458 27.5L460 24.8L462 23.0L464 22.1L466 22.1L468 23.0L470 24.8L472 27.5L474 31.0L476 35.3L478 40.2L480 45.9L482 52.0L484 58.6L486 65.5L488 72.7L490 80L492 72.7L494 65.5L496 58.6L498 52.0L500 45.9L502 40.2L504 35.3L506 31.0L508 27.5L510 24.8L512 23.0L514 22.1L516 22.1L518 23.0L520 24.8L522 27.5L524 31.0L526 35.3L528 40.2L530 45.9L532 52.0L534 58.6L536 65.5L538 72.7L540 80L542 72.7L544 65.5L546 58.6L548 52.0L550 45.9L552 40.2L554 35.3L556 31.0L558 27.5L560 24.8L562 23.0L564 22.1L566 22.1L568 23.0L570 24.8L572 27.5L574 31.0L576 35.3L578 40.2L580 45.9L582 52.0L584 58.6L586 65.5L588 72.7L590 80L592 72.7L594 65.5L596 58.6L598 52.0L600 45.9L602 40.2L604 35.3L606 31.0L608 27.5L610 24.8L612 23.0L614 22.1L616 22.1L618 23.0L620 24.8L622 27.5L624 31.0L626 35.3L628 40.2L630 45.9L632 52.0L634 58.6L636 65.5L638 72.7L640 80\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/><path d=\"M465 22 L504.5 34 L515 22 L554.5 34 L565 22 L604.5 34 L615 22\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5ad15f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><polyline points=\"646,22 646,34\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffd23f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"652\" y=\"32\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u0394V<\/text><text x=\"440\" y=\"94\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\">Vpk = Vrms\u00b7\u221a2 \u2212 2\u00b7Vf<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>F1<\/b> fusibile ritardato sul primario \u00b7 <b>B1<\/b> ponte raddrizzatore \u00b7 <b>C1<\/b> condensatore di livellamento \u00b7 <b>R1<\/b> scarica C1 quando spegni (facoltativa)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>F1<\/b> slow-blow fuse on the primary \u00b7 <b>B1<\/b> bridge rectifier \u00b7 <b>C1<\/b> smoothing capacitor \u00b7 <b>R1<\/b> bleeds C1 at switch-off (optional)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n      <div class=\"calc\" id=\"calcDC\">\n        <div class=\"ctitle\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">CALCOLATORE \u00b7 TRASFORMATORE E LIVELLAMENTO<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">CALCULATOR \u00b7 TRANSFORMER AND SMOOTHING<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cgrid\">\n          <div>\n            <div class=\"fields\">\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Secondario del trasformatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transformer secondary<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"dVs\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"12\"><span class=\"u\">V~<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Corrente del carico<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Load current<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"dI\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"1\"><span class=\"u\">A<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld w2\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Raddrizzatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Rectifier<\/span><\/span>\n                <select id=\"dRect\">\n                  <option value=\"2,1.0\" data-en=\"Silicon bridge (2 diodes \u00d7 1.0 V)\">Ponte al silicio (2 diodi \u00d7 1,0 V)<\/option>\n                  <option value=\"2,0.5\" data-en=\"Schottky bridge (2 diodes \u00d7 0.5 V)\">Ponte Schottky (2 diodi \u00d7 0,5 V)<\/option>\n                  <option value=\"1,1.0\" data-en=\"Centre tap, 2 diodes (1 \u00d7 1.0 V; Vrms of each half)\">Presa centrale, 2 diodi (1 \u00d7 1,0 V; Vrms di ogni met\u00e0)<\/option>\n                <\/select><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Ripple ammesso \u0394V<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Allowed ripple \u0394V<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"dRip\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"2\"><span class=\"u\">Vpp<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Frequenza di rete<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Mains frequency<\/span><\/span><select id=\"dF\"><option value=\"50\">50 Hz<\/option><option value=\"60\">60 Hz<\/option><\/select><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tolleranza della rete<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Mains tolerance<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"dTol\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"10\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b1 %<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Aumento a vuoto del trafo<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transformer no-load rise<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"dReg\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"15\"><span class=\"u\">%<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">toroidale 5\u201310, lamellare piccolo 15\u201325<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">toroidal 5\u201310, small laminated 15\u201325<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld w2\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione minima che serve al regolatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Minimum voltage the regulator needs<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"dNeed\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"7.5\"><span class=\"u\">V<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">Vout + dropout + margine: 7805 \u2192 5 + 2 + 0,5 = 7,5 V; 7812 \u2192 14,5 V; LM317 \u2192 Vout + 3 V<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Vout + dropout + margin: 7805 \u2192 5 + 2 + 0.5 = 7.5 V; 7812 \u2192 14.5 V; LM317 \u2192 Vout + 3 V<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div>\n            <div class=\"res\">\n              <div class=\"rhead\"><span data-l=\"it\">TENSIONI<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">VOLTAGES<\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Picco del secondario (Vrms\u00b7\u221a2)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Secondary peak (Vrms\u00b7\u221a2)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dPk\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Picco dopo il ponte<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Peak after the bridge<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dDc\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione media sul condensatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Average capacitor voltage<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dAvg\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Minimo del ripple con la rete bassa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Ripple valley at low mains<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dMin\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Massima a vuoto con la rete alta<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">No-load maximum at high mains<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dMax\" class=\"c\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rhead\"><span data-l=\"it\">COMPONENTI<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">PARTS<\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow big\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Condensatore di livellamento<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Smoothing capacitor<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dC\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Valore calcolato \/ ripple con il valore commerciale<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Computed value \/ ripple with the standard value<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dCcalc\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione di lavoro del condensatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Capacitor voltage rating<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dCv\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Corrente di ripple nel condensatore (\u2248 2 \u00d7 I)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Capacitor ripple current (\u2248 2 \u00d7 I)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dCi\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Ponte raddrizzatore (almeno)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Bridge rectifier (at least)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dBr\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Trasformatore (\u2248 1,8 \u00d7 Vrms \u00d7 I)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transformer (\u2248 1.8 \u00d7 Vrms \u00d7 I)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"dVA\"><\/b><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div id=\"dVer\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"btns\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"b y\" id=\"dToReg\">&#8594; <span data-l=\"it\">Usa queste tensioni nel calcolatore del regolatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Use these voltages in the regulator calculator<\/span><\/button><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cards\">\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Il condensatore giusto<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Choosing the capacitor<\/span><\/h4><div data-l=\"it\"><p>Elettrolitico da <b>105 \u00b0C<\/b>, a bassa ESR se la corrente \u00e8 alta. Meglio due in parallelo che uno enorme: la corrente di ripple si divide e scaldano meno. Tensione di lavoro almeno il <b>25\u201350% sopra<\/b> la massima a vuoto.<\/p><\/div><div data-l=\"en\"><p>Use a <b>105 \u00b0C<\/b> electrolytic, low-ESR if the current is high. Two in parallel are better than one huge part: the ripple current is shared and they run cooler. Voltage rating at least <b>25\u201350% above<\/b> the no-load maximum.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Fusibile e trasformatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Fuse and transformer<\/span><\/h4><div data-l=\"it\"><p>Sul primario un fusibile <b>ritardato (T)<\/b>: all'accensione il trasformatore e i condensatori scarichi assorbono un picco. Il trasformatore va scelto in VA: con il ponte e il condensatore la corrente efficace del secondario \u00e8 circa <b>1,6\u20131,8 volte<\/b> la corrente continua.<\/p><\/div><div data-l=\"en\"><p>Put a <b>slow-blow (T)<\/b> fuse on the primary: at switch-on the transformer and the empty capacitors draw a surge. Size the transformer in VA: with a bridge and capacitor the secondary RMS current is about <b>1.6\u20131.8 times<\/b> the DC current.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Il ponte<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">The bridge<\/span><\/h4><div data-l=\"it\"><p>Il ponte conduce solo vicino ai picchi, con impulsi di corrente molto pi\u00f9 alti della media: scegli un ponte da almeno <b>2\u20133 volte<\/b> la corrente del carico e 100 V o pi\u00f9. Oltre 2\u20133 A serve un ponte con foro (KBPC, GBU) fissato al dissipatore.<\/p><\/div><div data-l=\"en\"><p>The bridge conducts only near the peaks, in current pulses much higher than the average: choose a bridge rated at least <b>2\u20133 times<\/b> the load current and 100 V or more. Above 2\u20133 A use a bridge with a mounting hole (KBPC, GBU) bolted to the heatsink.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 2 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-lin\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">02<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Regolatori lineari: 78xx, 79xx e LM317<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Linear regulators: 78xx, 79xx and LM317<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>I <b>78xx<\/b> danno una tensione positiva fissa (7805 = +5 V, 7809 = +9 V, 7812 = +12 V\u2026), i <b>79xx<\/b> la tensione negativa corrispondente (7905 = \u22125 V, 7912 = \u221212 V). L'<b>LM317<\/b> \u00e8 regolabile da 1,25 a 37 V con due resistori, l'<b>LM337<\/b> \u00e8 la sua versione negativa. Funzionano tutti allo stesso modo: tengono l'uscita fissa e <b>bruciano in calore<\/b> la differenza tra ingresso e uscita.<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li><b>Dropout<\/b>: l'ingresso deve stare sopra l'uscita di circa <b>2 V<\/b> per i 78xx (dato tipico a 1 A), 1,1\u20131,3 V per i 79xx, fino a <b>3 V<\/b> per LM317, LM338 e LM350. Gli <b>LDO<\/b> (LM2940, LM1117, LM1084\u2026) si accontentano di 0,5\u20131,5 V.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Potenza dissipata<\/b>: <code>P = (Vin \u2212 Vout) \u00d7 I<\/code>, pi\u00f9 la piccola corrente di riposo (3\u20135 mA nei 78xx). Un 7805 con 12 V in ingresso e 1 A in uscita scalda <b>7 W<\/b>: senza dissipatore va in protezione termica in pochi secondi.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Condensatori<\/b>: quelli del datasheet vanno saldati <b>vicini ai piedini<\/b>, anche se c'\u00e8 gi\u00e0 il grosso elettrolitico di livellamento. Tensione di lavoro con margine: almeno 1,5 volte la tensione che vedono.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Diodo di protezione<\/b>: se all'uscita c'\u00e8 un condensatore grande e l'ingresso va in corto (o si scarica prima), la corrente torna indietro nel regolatore. Un 1N4001\/1N4002 tra uscita e ingresso, polarizzato inverso, la devia.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>The <b>78xx<\/b> give a fixed positive voltage (7805 = +5 V, 7809 = +9 V, 7812 = +12 V\u2026), the <b>79xx<\/b> the matching negative voltage (7905 = \u22125 V, 7912 = \u221212 V). The <b>LM317<\/b> is adjustable from 1.25 to 37 V with two resistors, the <b>LM337<\/b> is its negative version. They all work the same way: they hold the output steady and <b>burn the input-output difference as heat<\/b>.<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li><b>Dropout<\/b>: the input must stay above the output by about <b>2 V<\/b> for the 78xx (typical at 1 A), 1.1\u20131.3 V for the 79xx and up to <b>3 V<\/b> for the LM317, LM338 and LM350. <b>LDOs<\/b> (LM2940, LM1117, LM1084\u2026) need only 0.5\u20131.5 V.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Dissipated power<\/b>: <code>P = (Vin \u2212 Vout) \u00d7 I<\/code>, plus the small quiescent current (3\u20135 mA in the 78xx). A 7805 fed with 12 V delivering 1 A dissipates <b>7 W<\/b>: without a heatsink it goes into thermal shutdown within seconds.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Capacitors<\/b>: the datasheet ones must sit <b>close to the pins<\/b>, even if the big smoothing electrolytic is already there. Voltage rating with margin: at least 1.5 times the voltage they see.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Protection diode<\/b>: with a large output capacitor, if the input is shorted (or discharges first) the current flows back into the regulator. A reverse-biased 1N4001\/1N4002 from output to input diverts it.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"tblw\">\n        <table class=\"tbl\">\n          <thead><tr><th><span data-l=\"it\">Regolatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Regulator<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Piedini TO-220 (frontale, da sinistra)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">TO-220 pins (front, left to right)<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">La linguetta \u00e8 collegata a<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Tab connected to<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Condensatori del datasheet<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Datasheet capacitors<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td><b>78xx<\/b><\/td><td>1 IN \u00b7 2 GND \u00b7 3 OUT<\/td><td>GND<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">0,33 \u00b5F in ingresso, 0,1 \u00b5F in uscita (onsemi MC7800, ST L78; TI LM340: 0,22 \u00b5F in ingresso)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">0.33 \u00b5F input, 0.1 \u00b5F output (onsemi MC7800, ST L78; TI LM340: 0.22 \u00b5F input)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b>79xx<\/b><\/td><td>1 GND \u00b7 2 IN \u00b7 3 OUT<\/td><td><b>IN<\/b> <span data-l=\"it\">(tensione negativa!)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">(negative voltage!)<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">0,33 \u00b5F in ingresso, 1 \u00b5F in uscita (onsemi MC7900); TI LM79: 2,2 \u00b5F e 1 \u00b5F al tantalio o ceramici, oppure 25 \u00b5F elettrolitico in uscita<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">0.33 \u00b5F input, 1 \u00b5F output (onsemi MC7900); TI LM79: 2.2 \u00b5F and 1 \u00b5F tantalum or ceramic, or 25 \u00b5F electrolytic on the output<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b>LM317 \u00b7 LM338 \u00b7 LM350<\/b><\/td><td>1 ADJ \u00b7 2 OUT \u00b7 3 IN<\/td><td><b>OUT<\/b><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">0,1 \u00b5F in ingresso, 1 \u00b5F in uscita, 10 \u00b5F su ADJ (con i diodi di protezione)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">0.1 \u00b5F input, 1 \u00b5F output, 10 \u00b5F on ADJ (with protection diodes)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b>LM337<\/b><\/td><td>1 ADJ \u00b7 2 IN \u00b7 3 OUT<\/td><td><b>IN<\/b><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">come l'LM317, con le polarit\u00e0 invertite<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">as the LM317, with reversed polarities<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"alert yel\"><span class=\"ico\">&#9888;<\/span>\n        <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Solo nei 78xx la linguetta \u00e8 a massa. Su 79xx, LM317 e LM337 la linguetta \u00e8 <b>ingresso o uscita<\/b>: se il dissipatore tocca il telaio o un altro regolatore, serve l'<b>isolamento<\/b> (foglietto di mica o silicone e rondella isolante per la vite). Controlla sempre col tester che tra linguetta e dissipatore non ci sia continuit\u00e0.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div data-l=\"en\"><p>Only on the 78xx is the tab grounded. On the 79xx, LM317 and LM337 the tab is the <b>input or output<\/b>: if the heatsink touches the chassis or another regulator, you need <b>insulation<\/b> (mica or silicone pad and an insulating bush for the screw). Always check with a meter that there is no continuity between tab and heatsink.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"figs2\">\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"r78xx\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 230\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore 7805\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"200\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"221\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,95 250,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,200 640,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"115\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"115\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"115,95 115,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"115,151.5 115,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"102,143.5 128,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"102,151.5 128,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"129\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"129\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v dyn-cin\" text-anchor=\"start\">330 nF<\/text><rect x=\"250\" y=\"65\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"310\" y=\"100\" class=\"ic dyn-regname\" text-anchor=\"middle\">7805<\/text><text x=\"256\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">IN<\/text><text x=\"244\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">1<\/text><text x=\"364\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"376\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">3<\/text><text x=\"310\" y=\"119\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">GND<\/text><text x=\"317\" y=\"138\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">2<\/text><polyline points=\"310,125 310,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"310\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"370,95 640,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"440,95 440,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"440,151.5 440,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"427,143.5 453,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"427,151.5 453,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"454\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C2<\/text><text x=\"454\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v dyn-cout\" text-anchor=\"start\">100 nF<\/text><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,95 540,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,151.5 540,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,143.5 553,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 156.5 Q540 149.5 553 156.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"139.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"540,151.5 540,153.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"554\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10\u2013100 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"84\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">+5 V<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"200\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"221\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><circle cx=\"200\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"200,95 200,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"410,95 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"410,30 315,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"295,30 200,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"315,40 315,20 295,30\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"295,40 295,20\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"305\" y=\"14\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D1 1N4001<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>78xx<\/b>: C1 e C2 vicini ai piedini, C3 facoltativo, D1 protegge dalla corrente inversa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>78xx<\/b>: C1 and C2 close to the pins, C3 optional, D1 protects from reverse current<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"r79xx\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 230\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore 7905\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u2212Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"200\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"221\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,95 250,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,200 640,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"115\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"115\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"115,95 115,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"115,151.5 115,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"102,143.5 128,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"102,151.5 128,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"129\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"129\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v dyn-cin\" text-anchor=\"start\">330 nF<\/text><rect x=\"250\" y=\"65\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"310\" y=\"100\" class=\"ic dyn-regname\" text-anchor=\"middle\">7905<\/text><text x=\"256\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">IN<\/text><text x=\"244\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">2<\/text><text x=\"364\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"376\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">3<\/text><text x=\"310\" y=\"119\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">GND<\/text><text x=\"317\" y=\"138\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">1<\/text><polyline points=\"310,125 310,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"310\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"370,95 640,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"440,95 440,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"440,151.5 440,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"427,143.5 453,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"427,151.5 453,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"454\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C2<\/text><text x=\"454\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v dyn-cout\" text-anchor=\"start\">1 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,95 540,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,151.5 540,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,143.5 553,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 138.5 Q540 145.5 553 138.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><polyline points=\"527,151.5 553,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"165.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10\u2013100 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"84\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">\u22125 V<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"200\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"221\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><circle cx=\"200\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"200,95 200,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"410,95 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"200,30 295,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"315,30 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"295,20 295,40 315,30\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"315,20 315,40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"305\" y=\"14\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D1 1N4001<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>79xx<\/b>: tutto capovolto. Attenzione: i piedini sono in un ordine diverso dai 78xx<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>79xx<\/b>: everything reversed. Note the pin order is different from the 78xx<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"lm317\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 270\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore LM317\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"240\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"261\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,95 230,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,240 640,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"100,95 100,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"100,171.5 100,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"87,163.5 113,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"87,171.5 113,171.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"114\" y=\"165.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"114\" y=\"182.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">100 nF<\/text><rect x=\"230\" y=\"65\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"290\" y=\"100\" class=\"ic dyn-adjname\" text-anchor=\"middle\">LM317<\/text><text x=\"236\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">IN<\/text><text x=\"224\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">3<\/text><text x=\"344\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"356\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">2<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"119\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">ADJ<\/text><text x=\"297\" y=\"138\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">1<\/text><polyline points=\"290,125 290,160 430,160\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"350,95 640,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"380\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"380\" cy=\"160\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"380,160 380,137.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"380,117.5 380,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"370,137.5 390,137.5 380,117.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"370,117.5 390,117.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"364\" y=\"125.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">D2<\/text><circle cx=\"430\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"430,95 430,110.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"430,144.5 430,160\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"423\" y=\"110.5\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"444\" y=\"125.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">R1<\/text><text x=\"444\" y=\"142.5\" class=\"v dyn-r1\" text-anchor=\"start\">240 \u03a9<\/text><circle cx=\"430\" cy=\"160\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"430,160 430,183\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"430,217 430,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"423\" y=\"183\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"444\" y=\"198\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">R2<\/text><text x=\"444\" y=\"215\" class=\"v dyn-r2\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u2014<\/text><circle cx=\"430\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"330\" cy=\"160\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"330\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"330,160 330,196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"330,204 330,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"317,196 343,196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M317 209 Q330 202 343 209\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"310\" y=\"192\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"330,204 330,206\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"344\" y=\"198\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C2<\/text><text x=\"344\" y=\"215\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,95 540,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,171.5 540,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,163.5 553,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 176.5 Q540 169.5 553 176.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"159.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"540,171.5 540,173.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"554\" y=\"165.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"182.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">1\u201310 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"84\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">Vout<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"240\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"261\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><circle cx=\"180\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"180,95 180,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"410,95 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"410,30 305,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"285,30 180,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"305,40 305,20 285,30\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"285,40 285,20\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"295\" y=\"14\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D1 1N4002<\/text><text x=\"650\" y=\"40\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"it\">Vout = 1,25 V \u00b7 (1 + R2\/R1)<\/text><text x=\"650\" y=\"40\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"en\">Vout = 1.2 V \u00b7 (1 + R2\/R1)<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>LM317<\/b> regolabile: R1 tra OUT e ADJ, R2 tra ADJ e massa. Per una tensione variabile R2 diventa un potenziometro (con una resistenza fissa in serie)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Adjustable <b>LM317<\/b>: R1 between OUT and ADJ, R2 from ADJ to ground. For a variable supply R2 becomes a potentiometer (with a fixed resistor in series)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"lm337\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 270\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore LM337\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u2212Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"240\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"261\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,95 230,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,240 640,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"100,95 100,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"100,171.5 100,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"87,163.5 113,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"87,171.5 113,171.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"114\" y=\"165.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"114\" y=\"182.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">100 nF<\/text><rect x=\"230\" y=\"65\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"290\" y=\"100\" class=\"ic dyn-adjname\" text-anchor=\"middle\">LM337<\/text><text x=\"236\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">IN<\/text><text x=\"224\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">2<\/text><text x=\"344\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"356\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">3<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"119\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">ADJ<\/text><text x=\"297\" y=\"138\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">1<\/text><polyline points=\"290,125 290,160 430,160\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"350,95 640,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"380\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"380\" cy=\"160\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"380,95 380,117.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"380,137.5 380,160\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"390,117.5 370,117.5 380,137.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"390,137.5 370,137.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"364\" y=\"125.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">D2<\/text><circle cx=\"430\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"430,95 430,110.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"430,144.5 430,160\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"423\" y=\"110.5\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"444\" y=\"125.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">R1<\/text><text x=\"444\" y=\"142.5\" class=\"v dyn-r1\" text-anchor=\"start\">240 \u03a9<\/text><circle cx=\"430\" cy=\"160\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"430,160 430,183\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"430,217 430,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"423\" y=\"183\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"444\" y=\"198\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">R2<\/text><text x=\"444\" y=\"215\" class=\"v dyn-r2\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u2014<\/text><circle cx=\"430\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"330\" cy=\"160\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"330\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"330,160 330,196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"330,204 330,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"317,196 343,196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M317 191 Q330 198 343 191\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><polyline points=\"317,204 343,204\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"310\" y=\"218\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><text x=\"344\" y=\"198\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C2<\/text><text x=\"344\" y=\"215\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"240\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,95 540,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,171.5 540,240\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,163.5 553,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 158.5 Q540 165.5 553 158.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><polyline points=\"527,171.5 553,171.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"185.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"165.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"182.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">1\u201310 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"84\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">\u2212Vout<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"240\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"261\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><circle cx=\"180\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"180,95 180,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"410,95 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"180,30 285,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"305,30 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"285,20 285,40 305,30\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"305,20 305,40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"295\" y=\"14\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D1 1N4002<\/text><text x=\"650\" y=\"40\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"it\">Vout = 1,25 V \u00b7 (1 + R2\/R1)<\/text><text x=\"650\" y=\"40\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"en\">Vout = 1.2 V \u00b7 (1 + R2\/R1)<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>LM337<\/b>: la versione negativa, con la stessa formula<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>LM337<\/b>: the negative version, same formula<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"calc\" id=\"calcReg\">\n        <div class=\"ctitle\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">CALCOLATORE \u00b7 REGOLATORE LINEARE<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">CALCULATOR \u00b7 LINEAR REGULATOR<\/span><\/span><span class=\"tag\">78xx \u00b7 79xx \u00b7 LM317 \u00b7 LM338<\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cgrid\">\n          <div>\n            <div class=\"fields\">\n              <label class=\"fld w2\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Regolatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Regulator<\/span><\/span><select id=\"rType\"><\/select><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\" id=\"rVoutF\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione d'uscita<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Output voltage<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"rVout\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"5\"><span class=\"u\">V<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Corrente del carico<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Load current<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"rI\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"0.5\"><span class=\"u\">A<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione d'ingresso (media)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Input voltage (average)<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"rVin\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"9\"><span class=\"u\">V<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Ripple in ingresso<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Input ripple<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"rRip\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"1\"><span class=\"u\">Vpp<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Temperatura ambiente<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Ambient temperature<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"rTa\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"40\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">dentro un contenitore: 40\u201350 \u00b0C<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">inside an enclosure: 40\u201350 \u00b0C<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n              <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Rth giunzione-case \/ giunzione-aria<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Rth junction-case \/ junction-air<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"rRjc\" inputmode=\"decimal\"><span class=\"u\">\/<\/span><input id=\"rRja\" inputmode=\"decimal\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C\/W<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">dal datasheet; modificabili<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">from the datasheet; editable<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n              <label class=\"chk w2\" id=\"rBypF\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rByp\"> <span data-l=\"it\">Aggiungi un transistor di potenza PNP in parallelo (per qualche ampere in pi\u00f9)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Add a PNP pass transistor in parallel (for a few more amps)<\/span><\/label>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"sub2\" id=\"rBypBox\" hidden>\n              <div class=\"ctitle\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">TRANSISTOR DI BYPASS<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">PASS TRANSISTOR<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"fields\">\n                <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Il transistor entra da<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transistor turns on at<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"bOn\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"0.1\"><span class=\"u\">A<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">sotto questa corrente lavora solo il regolatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">below this only the regulator works<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n                <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Guadagno \u03b2 (hFE) a quella corrente<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Gain \u03b2 (hFE) at that current<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"bBeta\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"20\"><span class=\"u\">\u00d7<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">MJ2955: hFE minimo 20 a 4 A<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">MJ2955: minimum hFE 20 at 4 A<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n                <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">VBE del transistor<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transistor VBE<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"bVbe\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"0.7\"><span class=\"u\">V<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n                <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Rth giunzione-case del transistor<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transistor Rth junction-case<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"bRjc\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"1.5\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C\/W<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">MJ2955 TO-3 \u2248 1,5 \u00b7 TIP2955 \u2248 1,4<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">MJ2955 TO-3 \u2248 1.5 \u00b7 TIP2955 \u2248 1.4<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div>\n            <div class=\"res\">\n              <div class=\"rhead\"><span data-l=\"it\">TENSIONI<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">VOLTAGES<\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Caduta sul regolatore (Vin \u2212 Vout)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Regulator drop (Vin \u2212 Vout)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rDrop\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Ingresso minimo richiesto<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Minimum input required<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rNeed\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Minimo del ripple in ingresso<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Input ripple valley<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rValley\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rhead\"><span data-l=\"it\">POTENZA E TEMPERATURA<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">POWER AND TEMPERATURE<\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow big\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Potenza dissipata dal regolatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Regulator dissipation<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rP\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Rendimento (Vout \/ Vin)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Efficiency (Vout \/ Vin)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rEff\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Giunzione senza dissipatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Junction without heatsink<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rTj\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Dissipatore necessario (Rth max)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Heatsink needed (max Rth)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rRsa\" class=\"c\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div id=\"rBypRes\" hidden>\n                <div class=\"rhead\"><span data-l=\"it\">TRANSISTOR DI BYPASS<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">PASS TRANSISTOR<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">R1 tra ingresso e regolatore (VBE \/ I)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">R1 between input and regulator (VBE \/ I)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"bR\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n                <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Corrente nel regolatore \/ nel transistor<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Regulator \/ transistor current<\/span><\/span><b id=\"bI\"><\/b><\/div>\n                <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Potenza nel transistor<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Transistor dissipation<\/span><\/span><b id=\"bP\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n                <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Dissipatore per il transistor (Rth max)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Heatsink for the transistor (max Rth)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"bRsa\" class=\"c\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"rhead\"><span data-l=\"it\">CONDENSATORI E DIODI<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">CAPACITORS AND DIODES<\/span><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">In ingresso, vicino al piedino<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Input, close to the pin<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rCin\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">In uscita<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Output<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rCout\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Diodo di protezione<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Protection diode<\/span><\/span><b id=\"rDio\"><\/b><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div id=\"rVer\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"btns\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"b y\" id=\"rToHs\">&#8594; <span data-l=\"it\">Porta i dati nel calcolatore del dissipatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Send the data to the heatsink calculator<\/span><\/button><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"sub2\" id=\"rAdj\">\n          <div class=\"ctitle\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">RESISTORI PER LM317 \u00b7 LM337 \u00b7 LM338 \u00b7 LM350<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">RESISTORS FOR LM317 \u00b7 LM337 \u00b7 LM338 \u00b7 LM350<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"cgrid\">\n            <div>\n              <div class=\"fields\">\n                <label class=\"fld\"><span>R1 (OUT \u2192 ADJ)<\/span><select id=\"aR1\"><option>100<\/option><option selected>120<\/option><option>150<\/option><option>180<\/option><option>220<\/option><option>240<\/option><option>270<\/option><option>330<\/option><\/select><\/label>\n                <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Serie dei resistori<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Resistor series<\/span><\/span><select id=\"aSer\"><option value=\"12\">E12 (10%)<\/option><option value=\"24\" selected>E24 (5%)<\/option><\/select><\/label>\n              <\/div>\n              <div data-l=\"it\"><p class=\"txt\" style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#cfcaff\">L'LM317 tiene <b>1,25 V<\/b> tra OUT e ADJ: in R1 passa quindi una corrente fissa, che attraversa anche R2. Dal piedino ADJ esce in pi\u00f9 una corrente di circa 50 \u00b5A, che sposta un po' l'uscita (il calcolo ne tiene conto). Con R1 = 240 \u03a9 (lo schema del datasheet) passano 5,2 mA: bastano per il carico minimo <i>tipico<\/i> di 3,5 mA, ma il datasheet garantisce la regolazione solo da 10 mA. Con <b>120 \u03a9<\/b> passano 10,4 mA e l'uscita resta regolata anche senza carico. Per un'uscita <b>variabile<\/b> usa per R2 un potenziometro della taglia indicata sotto, con un piccolo resistore in serie se vuoi limitare la tensione minima.<\/p><\/div>\n              <div data-l=\"en\"><p class=\"txt\" style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#cfcaff\">The LM317 keeps <b>1.25 V<\/b> between OUT and ADJ, so a fixed current flows through R1 and on through R2. About 50 \u00b5A also leaves the ADJ pin and shifts the output slightly (the calculation includes it). With R1 = 240 \u03a9 (the datasheet circuit) the current is 5.2 mA: enough for the <i>typical<\/i> 3.5 mA minimum load, but the datasheet only guarantees regulation from 10 mA. With <b>120 \u03a9<\/b> the current is 10.4 mA and the output stays regulated even with no load. For a <b>variable<\/b> output use a potentiometer of the size shown below for R2, with a small series resistor if you want to limit the minimum voltage.<\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"res\">\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">R2 ideale<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Ideal R2<\/span><\/span><b id=\"aIdeal\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow big\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">R2 con un solo resistore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">R2 with a single resistor<\/span><\/span><b id=\"aOne\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">R2 con due resistori in serie<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">R2 with two resistors in series<\/span><\/span><b id=\"aTwo\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Corrente in R1 (carico minimo)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Current in R1 (minimum load)<\/span><\/span><b id=\"aImin\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Uscita variabile: potenziometro + resistore fisso in serie<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Variable output: potentiometer + fixed series resistor<\/span><\/span><b id=\"aPot\" class=\"c\"><\/b><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\" id=\"rFig\"><\/figure>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 3 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-hs\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">03<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Quando serve il dissipatore, e quanto grande<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">When you need a heatsink, and how big<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>Il calore va dalla giunzione del chip all'aria attraverso una catena di <b>resistenze termiche<\/b>, in \u00b0C\/W: ogni watt dissipato alza la temperatura di tanti gradi quanti sono i \u00b0C\/W della catena.<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li><b>Senza dissipatore<\/b>: <code>Tj = Ta + P \u00d7 Rth(j-a)<\/code>. Un TO-220 ha circa 50\u201365 \u00b0C\/W: gi\u00e0 con 1 W la giunzione sta 50\u201365 \u00b0C sopra l'ambiente.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Con il dissipatore<\/b>: <code>Tj = Ta + P \u00d7 (Rth(j-c) + Rth(c-s) + Rth(s-a))<\/code>. Rth(j-c) \u00e8 nel datasheet (78xx in TO-220: 4\u20135 \u00b0C\/W), Rth(c-s) dipende dal montaggio (pasta termica, mica), Rth(s-a) \u00e8 il dato del dissipatore.<\/li>\n          <li>Il datasheet dei 78xx consente fino a 125 \u00b0C (150 \u00b0C come limite assoluto), ma per durare a lungo conviene progettare per <b>100 \u00b0C o meno<\/b>. Un dissipatore che scotta al tatto (oltre 60 \u00b0C) \u00e8 il segnale che serve qualcosa di pi\u00f9 grande.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>Heat flows from the chip junction to the air through a chain of <b>thermal resistances<\/b>, in \u00b0C\/W: every watt dissipated raises the temperature by as many degrees as the \u00b0C\/W of the chain.<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li><b>Without a heatsink<\/b>: <code>Tj = Ta + P \u00d7 Rth(j-a)<\/code>. A TO-220 has about 50\u201365 \u00b0C\/W: even 1 W puts the junction 50\u201365 \u00b0C above ambient.<\/li>\n          <li><b>With a heatsink<\/b>: <code>Tj = Ta + P \u00d7 (Rth(j-c) + Rth(c-s) + Rth(s-a))<\/code>. Rth(j-c) is in the datasheet (78xx in TO-220: 4\u20135 \u00b0C\/W), Rth(c-s) depends on the mounting (thermal paste, mica), Rth(s-a) is the heatsink rating.<\/li>\n          <li>The 78xx datasheet allows up to 125 \u00b0C (150 \u00b0C absolute maximum), but for a long life design for <b>100 \u00b0C or less<\/b>. A heatsink too hot to touch (above 60 \u00b0C) is a sign you need a bigger one.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"calc\" id=\"calcHs\">\n        <div class=\"ctitle\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">CALCOLATORE \u00b7 DISSIPATORE<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">CALCULATOR \u00b7 HEATSINK<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cgrid\">\n          <div class=\"fields\">\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Potenza dissipata<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Dissipated power<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"hP\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"3.5\"><span class=\"u\">W<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Temperatura ambiente<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Ambient temperature<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"hTa\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"40\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Giunzione massima di progetto<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Design junction maximum<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"hTj\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"100\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">datasheet 125\u2013150 \u00b0C; meglio stare sotto i 100<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">datasheet 125\u2013150 \u00b0C; better stay below 100<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span>Rth <span data-l=\"it\">giunzione-case<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">junction-case<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"hRjc\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"5\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C\/W<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span>Rth <span data-l=\"it\">giunzione-aria (senza dissipatore)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">junction-air (no heatsink)<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"hRja\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"65\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C\/W<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Montaggio (Rth case-dissipatore)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Mounting (Rth case-heatsink)<\/span><\/span>\n              <select id=\"hRcs\">\n                <option value=\"0.5\" data-en=\"Direct with thermal paste \u00b7 0.5\">Diretto con pasta termica \u00b7 0,5<\/option>\n                <option value=\"1.2\" selected data-en=\"Mica + paste (insulated) \u00b7 1.2\">Mica + pasta (isolato) \u00b7 1,2<\/option>\n                <option value=\"2\" data-en=\"Silicone pad \u00b7 2\">Foglietto di silicone \u00b7 2<\/option>\n                <option value=\"1.5\" data-en=\"Direct, dry \u00b7 1.5\">Diretto, a secco \u00b7 1,5<\/option>\n              <\/select><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld w2\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Rth del dissipatore che hai gi\u00e0 (facoltativo)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Rth of the heatsink you already have (optional)<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"hRsa\" inputmode=\"decimal\" placeholder=\"\u2014\"><span class=\"u\">\u00b0C\/W<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n          <\/div>\n          <div>\n            <div class=\"res\">\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Giunzione senza dissipatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Junction without heatsink<\/span><\/span><b id=\"hNo\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow big\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Rth massima del dissipatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Maximum heatsink Rth<\/span><\/span><b id=\"hNeed\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Taglia indicativa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Indicative size<\/span><\/span><b id=\"hSize\" class=\"c\" style=\"font-family:Inter,sans-serif;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;white-space:normal\"><\/b><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"chain\" id=\"hChain\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"bar\" title=\"Tj\"><i id=\"hBar\"><\/i><\/div>\n            <div id=\"hVer\"><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tblw\">\n          <table class=\"tbl\">\n            <thead><tr><th><span data-l=\"it\">Rth dissipatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Heatsink Rth<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Che cosa usare (valori indicativi, controlla il dato del produttore)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">What to use (indicative values, check the maker's rating)<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr><td><span data-l=\"it\">oltre<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">over<\/span> 20 \u00b0C\/W<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">aletta a clip o piccolo dissipatore a U per TO-220 (20\u201330 \u00b0C\/W)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">clip-on fin or small U-shaped TO-220 heatsink (20\u201330 \u00b0C\/W)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n              <tr><td>10\u201320 \u00b0C\/W<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">dissipatore alettato per TO-220 alto 25\u201340 mm<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">finned TO-220 heatsink 25\u201340 mm tall<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n              <tr><td>5\u201310 \u00b0C\/W<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">profilato alettato lungo 50\u201375 mm<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">finned extrusion 50\u201375 mm long<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n              <tr><td>2\u20135 \u00b0C\/W<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">profilato grande (100 mm e oltre) o il pannello posteriore in alluminio del contenitore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">large extrusion (100 mm and up) or the enclosure's aluminium back panel<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n              <tr><td><span data-l=\"it\">sotto<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">below<\/span> 2 \u00b0C\/W<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">dissipatore grande con ventola, oppure riduci la potenza: tensione d'ingresso pi\u00f9 bassa, pi\u00f9 regolatori o un regolatore switching<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">large heatsink with a fan, or cut the power: lower input voltage, several regulators or a switching regulator<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 4 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-5a\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">04<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Correnti pi\u00f9 alte, fino a circa 5 A<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Higher currents, up to about 5 A<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>Un 78xx o un LM317 arrivano a 1\u20131,5 A. Per un computer con molta logica TTL o per una scheda arcade servono 3\u20135 A e oltre: ci sono tre strade.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>A 78xx or an LM317 delivers 1\u20131.5 A. A computer full of TTL logic or an arcade board needs 3\u20135 A or more: there are three ways to get there.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cards\">\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">LM338 (5 A) e LM350 (3 A)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">LM338 (5 A) and LM350 (3 A)<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Sono \"LM317 grandi\": stessi piedini, stessa formula (tensione di riferimento 1,24\u20131,25 V), stessi resistori. L'LM338 garantisce 5 A (limite di corrente 8 A tipico) in TO-220 o TO-3. Serve un ingresso di almeno 3 V sopra l'uscita: a 5 A e 3 V di caduta sono gi\u00e0 <b>15 W<\/b>, quindi dissipatore grande.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><p>They are \"big LM317s\": same pins, same formula (1.24\u20131.25 V reference), same resistors. The LM338 is rated for 5 A (8 A typical current limit) in TO-220 or TO-3. The input must be at least 3 V above the output: at 5 A and 3 V of drop that is already <b>15 W<\/b>, so a large heatsink.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Regolatore + transistor PNP<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Regulator + PNP transistor<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Lo schema \"high current\" dei datasheet: un PNP di potenza (MJ2955, TIP2955) in parallelo al regolatore. Finch\u00e9 la corrente \u00e8 bassa lavora solo il regolatore; quando la caduta su R1 arriva a circa 0,7 V il transistor si accende e porta quasi tutta la corrente. L'uscita resta regolata dal 78xx o dall'LM317. Il calcolatore del regolatore lo dimensiona (casella \"transistor di potenza\").<\/p><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><p>The \"high current\" circuit from the datasheets: a power PNP (MJ2955, TIP2955) in parallel with the regulator. At low current only the regulator works; when the drop across R1 reaches about 0.7 V the transistor turns on and carries most of the current. The output is still regulated by the 78xx or LM317. The regulator calculator sizes it (tick \"pass transistor\").<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Switching step-down (buck)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Switching step-down (buck)<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Un LM2596 (3 A, ingresso fino a 40 V, 150 kHz) o un modulo buck gi\u00e0 montato non brucia la differenza di tensione: la trasforma. Da 12 V a 5 V a 3 A il datasheet d\u00e0 circa l'<b>80%<\/b> di rendimento, cio\u00e8 3\u20134 W di perdite invece dei 21 W di un lineare.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><p>An LM2596 (3 A, input up to 40 V, 150 kHz) or a ready-made buck module does not burn the voltage difference: it converts it. From 12 V to 5 V at 3 A the datasheet gives about <b>80%<\/b> efficiency, i.e. 3\u20134 W of losses instead of the 21 W of a linear regulator.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"figs2\">\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"bypass317\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore con transistor di potenza\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"50\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"39\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"275\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"296\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,50 300,50\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,275 640,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"50\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"80,50 80,158.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"80,166.5 80,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"67,158.5 93,158.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M67 171.5 Q80 164.5 93 171.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"154.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"80,166.5 80,168.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"94\" y=\"160.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"177.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">4700 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"160\" cy=\"50\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"160,50 160,64\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"160,98 160,112\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"153\" y=\"64\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"146\" y=\"79\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">R1<\/text><text x=\"146\" y=\"96\" class=\"v dyn-rbe\" text-anchor=\"end\">7 \u03a9<\/text><circle cx=\"160\" cy=\"112\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"160,112 160,150 260,150\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"215\" cy=\"150\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"215\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"215,150 215,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"215,216.5 215,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"202,208.5 228,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"202,216.5 228,216.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"201\" y=\"210.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">C2<\/text><text x=\"201\" y=\"227.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"end\">100 nF<\/text><circle cx=\"332\" cy=\"62\" r=\"22\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><polyline points=\"319,70 345,70\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"332,70 332,96\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"300,50 314,50 325,69\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"324.4,68.1 316.0,62.6 323.8,58.0\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/><polyline points=\"339,69 350,50 364,50\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"362\" y=\"80\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">Q1<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"97\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">MJ2955 \u00b7 TIP2955<\/text><text x=\"306\" y=\"44\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"middle\">E<\/text><text x=\"358\" y=\"44\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"middle\">C<\/text><text x=\"340\" y=\"94\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">B<\/text><polyline points=\"332,96 332,112 160,112\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"364,50 600,50 600,150\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"150\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><rect x=\"260\" y=\"120\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"320\" y=\"155\" class=\"ic dyn-adjname\" text-anchor=\"middle\">LM317<\/text><text x=\"266\" y=\"154\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">IN<\/text><text x=\"254\" y=\"144\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">3<\/text><text x=\"374\" y=\"154\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"386\" y=\"144\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">2<\/text><text x=\"320\" y=\"174\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">ADJ<\/text><text x=\"327\" y=\"193\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">1<\/text><polyline points=\"320,180 320,205 470,205\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"380,150 640,150\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"470\" cy=\"150\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"470,150 470,160.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"470,194.5 470,205\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"463\" y=\"160.5\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"456\" y=\"175.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">R2<\/text><text x=\"456\" y=\"192.5\" class=\"v dyn-r1\" text-anchor=\"end\">240 \u03a9<\/text><circle cx=\"470\" cy=\"205\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"470,205 470,223\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"470,257 470,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"463\" y=\"223\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"456\" y=\"238\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">R3<\/text><text x=\"456\" y=\"255\" class=\"v dyn-r2b\" text-anchor=\"end\">\u2014<\/text><circle cx=\"470\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"150\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,150 540,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,216.5 540,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,208.5 553,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 221.5 Q540 214.5 553 221.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"204.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"540,216.5 540,218.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"554\" y=\"210.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"227.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10\u2013100 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"150\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"139\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">Vout<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"275\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"296\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>LM317 + PNP<\/b>: tensione regolabile e qualche ampere. R2\/R3 come nell'LM317 normale; R1 decide quando entra il transistor<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>LM317 + PNP<\/b>: adjustable voltage and a few amps. R2\/R3 as in the plain LM317; R1 sets when the transistor turns on<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n        <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"bypass78\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore con transistor di potenza\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"50\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"39\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"275\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"296\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,50 300,50\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,275 640,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"50\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"80,50 80,158.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"80,166.5 80,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"67,158.5 93,158.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M67 171.5 Q80 164.5 93 171.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"154.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"80,166.5 80,168.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"94\" y=\"160.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"177.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">4700 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"160\" cy=\"50\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"160,50 160,64\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"160,98 160,112\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"153\" y=\"64\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"146\" y=\"79\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\">R1<\/text><text x=\"146\" y=\"96\" class=\"v dyn-rbe\" text-anchor=\"end\">7 \u03a9<\/text><circle cx=\"160\" cy=\"112\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"160,112 160,150 260,150\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"215\" cy=\"150\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"215\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"215,150 215,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" 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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"150\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,150 540,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,216.5 540,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,208.5 553,208.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 221.5 Q540 214.5 553 221.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"204.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"540,216.5 540,218.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"554\" y=\"210.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"227.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10\u2013100 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"150\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"139\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">Vout<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"275\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"296\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>7805 + PNP<\/b>: lo stesso con un regolatore fisso (schema dei datasheet onsemi e Fairchild)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>7805 + PNP<\/b>: the same with a fixed regulator (onsemi and Fairchild datasheet circuit)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"alert yel\"><span class=\"ico\">&#9888;<\/span>\n        <div data-l=\"it\"><p><b>Il transistor di bypass non ha protezione dal cortocircuito.<\/b> Il regolatore si protegge, ma il PNP continua a condurre finch\u00e9 non si brucia (lui o le piste). Le soluzioni: un fusibile rapido in uscita, oppure lo schema completo del datasheet Fairchild con un secondo PNP (TIP42) e una resistenza di misura <code>Rsc = VBE \/ Icc<\/code> in serie all'emettitore del transistor di potenza, che gli toglie la base quando la corrente supera Icc. Il transistor va sul dissipatore: dissipa quasi tutto, <code>(Vin \u2212 Vout) \u00d7 I<\/code>. Con il TO-3 il case \u00e8 il collettore, cio\u00e8 l'uscita: isolalo.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div data-l=\"en\"><p><b>The pass transistor has no short-circuit protection.<\/b> The regulator protects itself, but the PNP keeps conducting until it (or the traces) burns. The fixes: a fast fuse on the output, or the full Fairchild datasheet circuit with a second PNP (TIP42) and a sense resistor <code>Rsc = VBE \/ Isc<\/code> in series with the power transistor emitter, which pulls its base drive when the current exceeds Isc. The transistor goes on the heatsink: it dissipates almost everything, <code>(Vin \u2212 Vout) \u00d7 I<\/code>. On a TO-3 the case is the collector, i.e. the output: insulate it.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"buck\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 250\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore switching LM2596\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">Vin<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"220\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"241\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,95 210,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,220 640,220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"110\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"110\" cy=\"220\" r=\"3.6\" 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fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"285\" y=\"105\" class=\"ic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">LM2596<\/text><text x=\"285\" y=\"122\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"middle\">-5.0<\/text><text x=\"216\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">VIN<\/text><text x=\"204\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">1<\/text><text x=\"354\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"366\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">2<\/text><text x=\"250\" y=\"144\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">ON\/OFF<\/text><text x=\"257\" y=\"163\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">5<\/text><text x=\"320\" y=\"144\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">GND<\/text><text x=\"327\" y=\"163\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">3<\/text><text x=\"330\" y=\"74\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">FB<\/text><text x=\"337\" y=\"55\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">4<\/text><polyline points=\"250,150 250,220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" 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stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"416\" y=\"155.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">D1<\/text><text x=\"416\" y=\"172.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">Schottky 3 A+<\/text><circle cx=\"400\" cy=\"220\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"400,95 426,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"474,95 500,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M426 95 a6 6 0 0 1 12 0 a6 6 0 0 1 12 0 a6 6 0 0 1 12 0 a6 6 0 0 1 12 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/><text x=\"450\" y=\"81\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">L1<\/text><text x=\"450\" y=\"117\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"middle\">33 \u00b5H<\/text><polyline points=\"500,95 640,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"220\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,95 540,153.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,161.5 540,220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,153.5 553,153.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 166.5 Q540 159.5 553 166.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"149.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><polyline points=\"540,161.5 540,163.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"554\" y=\"155.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">Cout<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"172.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">220 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"600,95 600,30 330,30 330,60\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">+5 V<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"220\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"241\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>LM2596-5.0<\/b> secondo il datasheet TI: Cin 680 \u00b5F, L1 33 \u00b5H, Cout 220 \u00b5F, diodo Schottky da almeno 3 A, collegamenti corti tra Cin, D1 e massa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>LM2596-5.0<\/b> from the TI datasheet: Cin 680 \u00b5F, L1 33 \u00b5H, Cout 220 \u00b5F, Schottky diode rated 3 A or more, short connections between Cin, D1 and ground<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <div class=\"tblw\">\n        <table class=\"tbl\">\n          <thead><tr><th><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Lineare (78xx, LM317, LM338)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Linear (78xx, LM317, LM338)<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Switching (LM2596, moduli buck)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Switching (LM2596, buck modules)<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td><b><span data-l=\"it\">Rendimento<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Efficiency<\/span><\/b><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">Vout \/ Vin: 5 V da 12 V = 42%<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Vout \/ Vin: 5 V from 12 V = 42%<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">75\u201390%<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">75\u201390%<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b><span data-l=\"it\">Rumore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Noise<\/span><\/b><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">praticamente nullo: ideale per audio (SID, amplificatori) e video analogico<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">practically none: ideal for audio (SID, amplifiers) and analogue video<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">ripple a 150 kHz e picchi di commutazione: servono filtro LC e un buon layout<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">150 kHz ripple and switching spikes: needs an LC filter and a good layout<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b><span data-l=\"it\">Calore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Heat<\/span><\/b><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">alto, dissipatore grande sopra 1\u20132 A<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">high, large heatsink above 1\u20132 A<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">basso, spesso basta il circuito stampato<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">low, often the PCB is enough<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b><span data-l=\"it\">Guasti<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Failures<\/span><\/b><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">se muore va quasi sempre in protezione o in aperto<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">when it dies it usually shuts down or goes open<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">se il MOSFET va in corto l'ingresso finisce sull'uscita: <b>metti un crowbar o un fusibile<\/b> davanti a chip rari<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">if the switch shorts the input lands on the output: <b>add a crowbar or a fuse<\/b> ahead of rare chips<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><b><span data-l=\"it\">Moduli economici<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Cheap modules<\/span><\/b><\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">la corrente dichiarata \u00e8 spesso il picco: usali al 60\u201370%; il trimmer va bloccato con una goccia di colla<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">the stated current is often the peak: run them at 60\u201370%; lock the trimmer with a drop of glue<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"alert cya\"><span class=\"ico\">&#9432;<\/span>\n        <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Con un trasformatore e un lineare, a 5 A anche il livellamento diventa enorme: per 2 V di ripple servono <b>25 000 \u00b5F<\/b>, il ponte va sul dissipatore e il trasformatore deve essere da 100 VA e pi\u00f9. Per i 5 V di una scheda con tanta logica spesso conviene un <b>switching<\/b> o un <b>ATX<\/b>, e tenere il lineare per le tensioni piccole e \"pulite\" (audio, \u22125 V, 12 V di un SID).<\/p><\/div>\n        <div data-l=\"en\"><p>With a transformer and a linear regulator at 5 A even the smoothing gets huge: 2 V of ripple needs <b>25,000 \u00b5F<\/b>, the bridge must be heatsinked and the transformer must be 100 VA or more. For the 5 V of a board full of logic a <b>switching supply<\/b> or an <b>ATX<\/b> is often the better choice, keeping linear regulators for the small \"clean\" rails (audio, \u22125 V, a SID's 12 V).<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 5 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-atx\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">05<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Recuperare un alimentatore ATX<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Reusing an ATX power supply<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>Un alimentatore da PC d\u00e0 +5 V e +12 V con decine di ampere, protetti da cortocircuito e sovratensione, a costo quasi zero. \u00c8 una buona base per un banco di prova o per una supergun, con alcune avvertenze.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>A PC power supply gives +5 V and +12 V at tens of amps, protected against shorts and overvoltage, for next to nothing. It is a good base for a test bench or a supergun, with a few caveats.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"atx24\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 660 210\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Connettore ATX 24 pin\"><rect x=\"32\" y=\"30\" width=\"606\" height=\"124\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#000\" stroke=\"#5c5490\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"40\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"62\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">1<\/text><text x=\"62\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"90\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">2<\/text><text x=\"112\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"140\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"162\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">3<\/text><text x=\"162\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"190\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">4<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"240\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">5<\/text><text x=\"262\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"290\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"312\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">6<\/text><text x=\"312\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"340\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"362\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">7<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"390\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"412\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">8<\/text><text x=\"412\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">PWR_OK<\/text><rect x=\"440\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#8e44ad\" stroke=\"#8e44ad\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"462\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">9<\/text><text x=\"462\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 VSB<\/text><rect x=\"490\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffd23f\" stroke=\"#ffd23f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"512\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">10<\/text><text x=\"512\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+12 V<\/text><rect x=\"540\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffd23f\" stroke=\"#ffd23f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"562\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">11<\/text><text x=\"562\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+12 V<\/text><rect x=\"590\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"612\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">12<\/text><text x=\"612\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"40\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"62\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">13<\/text><text x=\"62\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"90\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#1e6fd9\" stroke=\"#1e6fd9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">14<\/text><text x=\"112\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">\u221212 V<\/text><rect x=\"140\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"162\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">15<\/text><text x=\"162\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"190\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2e9e45\" stroke=\"#2e9e45\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">16<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">PS_ON#<\/text><rect x=\"240\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">17<\/text><text x=\"262\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"290\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"312\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">18<\/text><text x=\"312\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"340\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"362\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">19<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"390\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"412\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">20<\/text><text x=\"412\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">NC<\/text><rect x=\"440\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"462\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">21<\/text><text x=\"462\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"490\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"512\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">22<\/text><text x=\"512\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"540\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"562\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">23<\/text><text x=\"562\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"590\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"612\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">24<\/text><text x=\"612\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><text x=\"26\" y=\"66\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\">1<\/text><text x=\"26\" y=\"120\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\">13<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"22\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"it\">ATX 24 pin \u00b7 fila 1\u201312 sopra, 13\u201324 sotto (il pin 13 \u00e8 affiancato al pin 1)<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"22\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"en\">ATX 24-pin \u00b7 row 1\u201312 on top, 13\u201324 below (pin 13 sits next to pin 1)<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"180\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"it\">Colori dei fili secondo lo standard; controlla sempre col tester: alcuni alimentatori usano colori diversi.<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"180\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"en\">Standard wire colours; always check with a meter: some supplies use different colours.<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\">Connettore ATX a <b>24 pin<\/b> (ATX12V 2.x, dati della Design Guide Intel). Il pin 20 non \u00e8 collegato: una volta era il \u22125 V<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>24-pin<\/b> ATX connector (ATX12V 2.x, Intel Design Guide data). Pin 20 is not connected: it used to be \u22125 V<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"atx20\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 210\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Connettore ATX 20 pin\"><rect x=\"32\" y=\"30\" width=\"506\" height=\"124\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#000\" stroke=\"#5c5490\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"40\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"62\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">1<\/text><text x=\"62\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"90\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">2<\/text><text x=\"112\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"140\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"162\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">3<\/text><text x=\"162\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"190\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">4<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"240\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">5<\/text><text x=\"262\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"290\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"312\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">6<\/text><text x=\"312\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"340\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"362\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">7<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"390\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"412\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">8<\/text><text x=\"412\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">PWR_OK<\/text><rect x=\"440\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#8e44ad\" stroke=\"#8e44ad\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"462\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">9<\/text><text x=\"462\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 VSB<\/text><rect x=\"490\" y=\"38\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffd23f\" stroke=\"#ffd23f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"512\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">10<\/text><text x=\"512\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+12 V<\/text><rect x=\"40\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f8961e\" stroke=\"#f8961e\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"62\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">11<\/text><text x=\"62\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">+3.3 V<\/text><rect x=\"90\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#1e6fd9\" stroke=\"#1e6fd9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">12<\/text><text x=\"112\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">\u221212 V<\/text><rect x=\"140\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"162\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">13<\/text><text x=\"162\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"190\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2e9e45\" stroke=\"#2e9e45\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">14<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">PS_ON#<\/text><rect x=\"240\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">15<\/text><text x=\"262\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"290\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"312\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">16<\/text><text x=\"312\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"340\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#222\" stroke=\"#888\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"362\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">17<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">COM<\/text><rect x=\"390\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"412\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"knd\">18<\/text><text x=\"412\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ksd\">\u22125 V<\/text><rect x=\"440\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"462\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">19<\/text><text x=\"462\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"490\" y=\"92\" width=\"44\" height=\"48\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"512\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kn\">20<\/text><text x=\"512\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"ks\">+5 V<\/text><text x=\"26\" y=\"66\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\">1<\/text><text x=\"26\" y=\"120\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"end\">11<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"22\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"it\">ATX 20 pin \u00b7 fila 1\u201310 sopra, 11\u201320 sotto (il pin 11 \u00e8 affiancato al pin 1)<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"22\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"en\">ATX 20-pin \u00b7 row 1\u201310 on top, 11\u201320 below (pin 11 sits next to pin 1)<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"180\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"it\">Colori dei fili secondo lo standard; controlla sempre col tester: alcuni alimentatori usano colori diversi.<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"180\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"en\">Standard wire colours; always check with a meter: some supplies use different colours.<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\">Connettore ATX a <b>20 pin<\/b> (alimentatori pi\u00f9 vecchi). Il <b>\u22125 V<\/b> bianco \u00e8 sul <b>pin 18<\/b>, solo negli alimentatori che lo hanno ancora<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>20-pin<\/b> ATX connector (older supplies). The white <b>\u22125 V<\/b> is on <b>pin 18<\/b>, only on supplies that still have it<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <div class=\"cards c2\">\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Accenderlo<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Switching it on<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><ul>\n            <li>Il <b>+5 VSB<\/b> (viola) \u00e8 sempre acceso finch\u00e9 l'alimentatore \u00e8 collegato alla rete.<\/li>\n            <li>Collega <b>PS_ON#<\/b> (verde, pin 16 nel 24 pin, pin 14 nel 20 pin) a un <b>COM<\/b> (nero): l'alimentatore si accende. Usa un interruttore, non un ponticello fisso, cos\u00ec lo spegni senza staccare la spina.<\/li>\n            <li><b>PWR_OK<\/b> (grigio) sale a 5 V quando le tensioni sono stabili: puoi usarlo per un LED o per tenere in reset la scheda.<\/li>\n            <li>Il filo marrone sul pin 13 (11 nel 20 pin) \u00e8 il <b>sense del 3,3 V<\/b>: lascialo collegato all'arancione, altrimenti alcuni alimentatori non partono o alzano il 3,3 V.<\/li>\n          <\/ul><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><ul>\n            <li><b>+5 VSB<\/b> (purple) is always on while the supply is plugged into the mains.<\/li>\n            <li>Connect <b>PS_ON#<\/b> (green, pin 16 on the 24-pin, pin 14 on the 20-pin) to a <b>COM<\/b> (black): the supply turns on. Use a switch, not a fixed jumper, so you can turn it off without pulling the plug.<\/li>\n            <li><b>PWR_OK<\/b> (grey) rises to 5 V once the rails are stable: use it for an LED or to hold the board in reset.<\/li>\n            <li>The brown wire on pin 13 (11 on the 20-pin) is the <b>3.3 V sense<\/b>: keep it joined to the orange one, or some supplies won't start or will raise the 3.3 V.<\/li>\n          <\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Carico minimo<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Minimum load<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Gli alimentatori vecchi, a <b>regolazione di gruppo<\/b> (un solo controllo per 5 V e 12 V), vogliono un carico sul +5 V per regolare bene, e se carichi solo il 5 V il 12 V sale (o viceversa). Una resistenza da <b>10 \u03a9 10 W<\/b> sul +5 V (0,5 A, 2,5 W, va montata in aria o su metallo) di solito basta. Gli alimentatori moderni a conversione DC-DC ne hanno meno bisogno, ma danno quasi tutta la potenza sul 12 V: guarda in etichetta <b>quanti ampere ha il +5 V<\/b> e la potenza combinata 3,3 + 5 V.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><p>Older supplies with <b>group regulation<\/b> (one control loop for 5 V and 12 V) want a load on +5 V to regulate properly, and if you load only the 5 V the 12 V drifts up (or vice versa). A <b>10 \u03a9 10 W<\/b> resistor on +5 V (0.5 A, 2.5 W, mounted in free air or on metal) is usually enough. Modern DC-DC supplies need it less, but put almost all their power on 12 V: check the label for <b>how many amps the +5 V has<\/b> and the combined 3.3 + 5 V power.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Quali linee usare<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Which rails to use<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><ul>\n            <li><span class=\"pill p5\">+5 V<\/span> la linea principale: usa <b>tutti i fili rossi<\/b> in parallelo (pin 4, 6, 21, 22, 23).<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill p12\">+12 V<\/span> audio, monitor, motori dei floppy: pin 10 e 11, pi\u00f9 i connettori periferici.<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill pm12\">\u221212 V<\/span> per la specifica ATX12V bastano <b>0,3 A<\/b>; in etichetta trovi 0,3\u20130,8 A. Basta per RS-232, op-amp audio e un 7905, non per carichi grossi.<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill pm5\">\u22125 V<\/span> solo negli alimentatori vecchi: la specifica lo ha reso facoltativo nel 2002 (ATX12V 1.2) e tolto nel 2003 (1.3).<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill pg\">COM<\/span> la massa: usa tanti fili neri quanti sono i rossi e i gialli che usi.<\/li>\n          <\/ul><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><ul>\n            <li><span class=\"pill p5\">+5 V<\/span> the main rail: use <b>all the red wires<\/b> in parallel (pins 4, 6, 21, 22, 23).<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill p12\">+12 V<\/span> audio, monitors, floppy motors: pins 10 and 11, plus the peripheral connectors.<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill pm12\">\u221212 V<\/span> the ATX12V spec only requires <b>0.3 A<\/b>; labels show 0.3\u20130.8 A. Fine for RS-232, audio op-amps and a 7905, not for big loads.<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill pm5\">\u22125 V<\/span> only on old supplies: the spec made it optional in 2002 (ATX12V 1.2) and dropped it in 2003 (1.3).<\/li>\n            <li><span class=\"pill pg\">COM<\/span> ground: use as many black wires as the red and yellow ones you use.<\/li>\n          <\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Sicurezza<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Safety<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><ul>\n            <li><b>Non aprirlo se non serve.<\/b> Dentro ci sono condensatori da circa 400 V che restano carichi anche minuti dopo aver staccato la spina.<\/li>\n            <li>Se devi aprirlo (ventola, condensatori gonfi sul secondario) stacca la spina, aspetta, e <b>misura<\/b> il grosso condensatore primario prima di toccare.<\/li>\n            <li>Lascia la ventola e il coperchio: l'alimentatore \u00e8 progettato per raffreddarsi cos\u00ec.<\/li>\n            <li>I fili che non usi vanno <b>isolati uno per uno<\/b> (non legati insieme): un +12 V che tocca il 5 V di una scheda la distrugge.<\/li>\n            <li>Prova sempre le tensioni a vuoto e con il carico finto prima di collegare la scheda.<\/li>\n          <\/ul><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><ul>\n            <li><b>Don't open it unless you have to.<\/b> Inside there are capacitors at about 400 V that stay charged for minutes after unplugging.<\/li>\n            <li>If you must open it (fan, bulging secondary capacitors) unplug it, wait, and <b>measure<\/b> the big primary capacitor before touching anything.<\/li>\n            <li>Keep the fan and the cover: the supply is designed to be cooled that way.<\/li>\n            <li>Insulate unused wires <b>one by one<\/b> (not bundled together): a +12 V touching a board's 5 V destroys it.<\/li>\n            <li>Always check the voltages unloaded and with the dummy load before connecting the board.<\/li>\n          <\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 6 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-neg\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">06<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Tensioni negative: \u22125 V e \u221212 V<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Negative rails: \u22125 V and \u221212 V<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>Molte macchine degli anni '70 e '80 usano tensioni negative: le DRAM 4116 vogliono +12, +5 e \u22125 V, le porte RS-232 \u00b112 V, gli amplificatori operazionali audio di molte schede arcade \u22125 V. Il \u22125 V \u00e8 sparito dagli ATX, quindi va ricavato.<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li><b>7905 dal \u221212 V<\/b>: la soluzione pi\u00f9 semplice con un ATX. La caduta \u00e8 di 7 V, quindi a 0,3 A il 7905 scalda 2,1 W: piccolo dissipatore, isolato perch\u00e9 la linguetta \u00e8 l'ingresso a \u221212 V. Il limite \u00e8 la corrente del \u221212 V dell'alimentatore.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Pompa di carica ICL7660<\/b> (o MAX1044) dal +5 V: d\u00e0 circa \u22125 V con pochi componenti, ma la resistenza d'uscita \u00e8 di circa 55 \u03a9, quindi a 10 mA esce gi\u00e0 \u22124,5 V e a 20 mA circa \u22123,9 V. Va bene per un op-amp o un ADC, <b>non per una scheda arcade<\/b>. L'LT1054 arriva a 100 mA.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Modulo DC-DC isolato<\/b> (per esempio 5 V \u2192 5 V o 12 V \u2192 5 V, 1\u20133 W): siccome l'uscita \u00e8 isolata, colleghi il suo <b>+ alla massa<\/b> e il \u2212 diventa \u22125 V. Comodo e robusto; usa un modello regolato o aggiungi un 7905 se serve precisione.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Avvolgimento dedicato<\/b>: con un trasformatore, un secondario o una presa centrale, ponte e 79xx danno il negativo \"pulito\" (vedi la sezione 2).<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>Many 1970s and 1980s machines use negative rails: 4116 DRAMs need +12, +5 and \u22125 V, RS-232 ports \u00b112 V, the audio op-amps of many arcade boards \u22125 V. ATX supplies dropped the \u22125 V, so you have to make it.<\/p>\n        <ul>\n          <li><b>7905 from \u221212 V<\/b>: the simplest solution with an ATX. The drop is 7 V, so at 0.3 A the 7905 dissipates 2.1 W: small heatsink, insulated because the tab is the \u221212 V input. The limit is the supply's \u221212 V current.<\/li>\n          <li><b>ICL7660 charge pump<\/b> (or MAX1044) from +5 V: about \u22125 V with few parts, but the output resistance is about 55 \u03a9, so 10 mA already gives \u22124.5 V and 20 mA about \u22123.9 V. Fine for an op-amp or an ADC, <b>not for an arcade board<\/b>. The LT1054 goes up to 100 mA.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Isolated DC-DC module<\/b> (e.g. 5 V \u2192 5 V or 12 V \u2192 5 V, 1\u20133 W): since the output is isolated, connect its <b>+ to ground<\/b> and the \u2212 becomes \u22125 V. Handy and robust; use a regulated model or add a 7905 if you need accuracy.<\/li>\n          <li><b>Dedicated winding<\/b>: with a transformer, a secondary or centre tap, a bridge and a 79xx give a \"clean\" negative rail (see section 2).<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"atx7905\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 230\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Regolatore 7905\"><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"84\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">ATX \u221212 V<\/text><circle cx=\"30\" cy=\"200\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"221\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"start\">0 V<\/text><polyline points=\"30,95 250,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"30,200 640,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"115\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"115\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"115,95 115,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"115,151.5 115,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"102,143.5 128,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"102,151.5 128,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"129\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C1<\/text><text x=\"129\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v dyn-cin\" text-anchor=\"start\">330 nF<\/text><rect x=\"250\" y=\"65\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"310\" y=\"100\" class=\"ic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">7905<\/text><text x=\"256\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"start\">IN<\/text><text x=\"244\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">2<\/text><text x=\"364\" y=\"99\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"end\">OUT<\/text><text x=\"376\" y=\"89\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">3<\/text><text x=\"310\" y=\"119\" class=\"p\" text-anchor=\"middle\">GND<\/text><text x=\"317\" y=\"138\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">1<\/text><polyline points=\"310,125 310,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"310\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"370,95 640,95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"440,95 440,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"440,151.5 440,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"427,143.5 453,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"427,151.5 453,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"454\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C2<\/text><text x=\"454\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v dyn-cout\" text-anchor=\"start\">1 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"200\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"540,95 540,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"540,151.5 540,200\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"527,143.5 553,143.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M527 138.5 Q540 145.5 553 138.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\"\/><polyline points=\"527,151.5 553,151.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"520\" y=\"165.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"145.5\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">C3<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"162.5\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"start\">10\u201347 \u00b5F<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"95\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"84\" class=\"t dyn-vout\" text-anchor=\"end\">JAMMA \u22125 V<\/text><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"200\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#3fd8ff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"648\" y=\"221\" class=\"t\" text-anchor=\"end\">0 V<\/text><circle cx=\"200\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"95\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"200,95 200,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"410,95 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"200,30 295,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"315,30 410,30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polygon points=\"295,20 295,40 315,30\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><polyline points=\"315,20 315,40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"305\" y=\"14\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D1 1N4001<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\"><b>\u22125 V per JAMMA dal \u221212 V dell'ATX<\/b> con un 7905 (piedini 1 GND, 2 IN, 3 OUT). Condensatori del datasheet onsemi MC7900<\/span><span data-l=\"en\"><b>JAMMA \u22125 V from the ATX \u221212 V<\/b> with a 7905 (pins 1 GND, 2 IN, 3 OUT). Capacitors from the onsemi MC7900 datasheet<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <div class=\"tblw\">\n        <table class=\"tbl\">\n          <thead><tr><th><span data-l=\"it\">Linea<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Rail<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Chi la usa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Who uses it<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Correnti tipiche<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Typical currents<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td><span class=\"pill pm5\">\u22125 V<\/span> JAMMA<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">amplificatori operazionali audio, DRAM 4116 e logica di alcune schede vecchie; molte schede (per esempio Neo Geo MVS) non lo usano affatto<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">audio op-amps, 4116 DRAMs and logic on some older boards; many boards (e.g. Neo Geo MVS) don't use it at all<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">da poche decine a qualche centinaio di mA; gli alimentatori arcade lo danno fino a 1 A<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">from a few tens to a few hundred mA; arcade supplies offer up to 1 A<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td><span class=\"pill pm12\">\u221212 V<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">RS-232, op-amp, alcuni monitor e periferiche<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">RS-232, op-amps, some monitors and peripherals<\/span><\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">decine di mA; l'ATX ne garantisce 0,3 A<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">tens of mA; ATX guarantees 0.3 A<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- ===================================================== 7 -->\n    <section id=\"rfps-jamma\">\n      <span class=\"kicker\">07<\/span>\n      <h3 class=\"h3\"><span data-l=\"it\">Schede arcade e connettore JAMMA<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Arcade boards and the JAMMA connector<\/span><\/h3>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <p>Il connettore JAMMA ha 56 contatti: 28 sul lato componenti (numeri 1\u201328) e 28 sul lato saldature (lettere A\u2013f, senza G, I, O e Q). I pin di alimentazione sono <b>uguali sui due lati<\/b>, uno di fronte all'altro, e vanno collegati tutti: ogni contatto regge pochi ampere e la scheda ne assorbe tanti sul +5 V.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <p>The JAMMA connector has 56 contacts: 28 on the component side (numbers 1\u201328) and 28 on the solder side (letters A\u2013f, skipping G, I, O and Q). The power pins are <b>the same on both sides<\/b>, facing each other, and all of them must be wired: each contact carries only a few amps and the board draws a lot on +5 V.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"jamma\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 714 270\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Connettore JAMMA, pin di alimentazione\"><rect x=\"26\" y=\"56\" width=\"666\" height=\"166\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#0d5c2e\" stroke=\"#2e9e45\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"692\" y=\"44\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"it\">Lato componenti (pin 1\u201328)<\/text><text x=\"692\" y=\"44\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"en\">Component side (pins 1\u201328)<\/text><text x=\"692\" y=\"258\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"it\">Lato saldature (pin A\u2013f, senza G, I, O, Q)<\/text><text x=\"692\" y=\"258\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"end\" data-l=\"en\">Solder side (pins A\u2013f, no G, I, O, Q)<\/text><rect x=\"40\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"49\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">1<\/text><rect x=\"40\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"49\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">A<\/text><rect x=\"63\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"72\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">2<\/text><rect x=\"63\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"72\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">B<\/text><rect x=\"86\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"95\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">3<\/text><rect x=\"86\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"95\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">C<\/text><rect x=\"109\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"118\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">4<\/text><rect x=\"109\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"118\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">D<\/text><rect x=\"132\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"141\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kd\">5<\/text><rect x=\"132\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"141\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kd\">E<\/text><rect x=\"155\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd23f\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kd\">6<\/text><rect x=\"155\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd23f\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"kd\">F<\/text><rect x=\"176\" y=\"56\" width=\"23\" height=\"72\" fill=\"#0f0c24\"\/><rect x=\"176\" y=\"166\" width=\"23\" height=\"72\" fill=\"#0f0c24\"\/><rect x=\"201\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"210\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">8<\/text><rect x=\"201\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"210\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">J<\/text><rect x=\"224\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"233\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">9<\/text><rect x=\"224\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"233\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">K<\/text><rect x=\"247\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"256\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">10<\/text><rect x=\"247\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"256\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">L<\/text><rect x=\"270\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"279\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">11<\/text><rect x=\"270\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"279\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">M<\/text><rect x=\"293\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">12<\/text><rect x=\"293\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">N<\/text><rect x=\"316\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"325\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">13<\/text><rect x=\"316\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"325\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">P<\/text><rect x=\"339\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"348\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">14<\/text><rect x=\"339\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"348\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">R<\/text><rect x=\"362\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"371\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">15<\/text><rect x=\"362\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"371\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">S<\/text><rect x=\"385\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"394\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">16<\/text><rect x=\"385\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"394\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">T<\/text><rect x=\"408\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">17<\/text><rect x=\"408\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">U<\/text><rect x=\"431\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"440\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">18<\/text><rect x=\"431\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"440\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">V<\/text><rect x=\"454\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"463\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">19<\/text><rect x=\"454\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"463\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">W<\/text><rect x=\"477\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">20<\/text><rect x=\"477\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">X<\/text><rect x=\"500\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"509\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">21<\/text><rect x=\"500\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"509\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">Y<\/text><rect x=\"523\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"532\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">22<\/text><rect x=\"523\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"532\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">Z<\/text><rect x=\"546\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"555\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">23<\/text><rect x=\"546\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"555\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">a<\/text><rect x=\"569\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"578\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">24<\/text><rect x=\"569\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"578\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">b<\/text><rect x=\"592\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"601\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">25<\/text><rect x=\"592\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"601\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">c<\/text><rect x=\"615\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"624\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">26<\/text><rect x=\"615\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#8a7a3a\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"624\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">d<\/text><rect x=\"638\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"647\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">27<\/text><rect x=\"638\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"647\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">e<\/text><rect x=\"661\" y=\"70\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"670\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">28<\/text><rect x=\"661\" y=\"176\" width=\"18\" height=\"44\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"670\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">f<\/text><polyline points=\"40,122 40,126 81,126 81,122\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"40,168 40,164 81,164 81,168\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"60.5\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">GND<\/text><polyline points=\"86,122 86,126 127,126 127,122\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"86,168 86,164 127,164 127,168\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"106.5\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">+5 V<\/text><polyline points=\"132,122 132,126 150,126 150,122\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"132,168 132,164 150,164 150,168\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"141\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">\u22125<\/text><polyline points=\"155,122 155,126 173,126 173,122\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"155,168 155,164 173,164 173,168\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"164\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">+12<\/text><polyline points=\"638,122 638,126 679,126 679,122\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"638,168 638,164 679,164 679,168\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"658.5\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"k\">GND<\/text><text x=\"187\" y=\"44\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"middle\" data-l=\"it\">chiave<\/text><text x=\"187\" y=\"44\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"middle\" data-l=\"en\">key<\/text><polyline points=\"187,50 187,62\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#aaa5d8\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"270\" y=\"135\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#555\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"290\" y=\"147\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">GND<\/text><rect x=\"350\" y=\"135\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e53935\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"370\" y=\"147\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">+5 V<\/text><rect x=\"430\" y=\"135\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"450\" y=\"147\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u22125 V<\/text><rect x=\"510\" y=\"135\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#ffd23f\" stroke=\"#000\"\/><text x=\"530\" y=\"147\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">+12 V<\/text><\/svg><\/figure>\n      <div class=\"tblw\">\n        <table class=\"tbl\">\n          <thead><tr><th><span data-l=\"it\">Lato componenti<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Component side<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Lato saldature<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Solder side<\/span><\/th><th><span data-l=\"it\">Funzione<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Function<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>1, 2<\/td><td>A, B<\/td><td><span class=\"pill pg\">GND<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>3, 4<\/td><td>C, D<\/td><td><span class=\"pill p5\">+5 V<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>5<\/td><td>E<\/td><td><span class=\"pill pm5\">\u22125 V<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>6<\/td><td>F<\/td><td><span class=\"pill p12\">+12 V<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>7<\/td><td>H<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">chiave (polarizzazione, nessun contatto)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">key (polarising slot, no contact)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>10<\/td><td>L<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">altoparlante + \/ \u2212<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">speaker + \/ \u2212<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>14<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td><span data-l=\"it\">massa video<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">video ground<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>27, 28<\/td><td>e, f<\/td><td><span class=\"pill pg\">GND<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cards c2\">\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Cavi e caduta di tensione<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Wires and voltage drop<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Una scheda arcade pu\u00f2 assorbire da 2\u20133 A (schede recenti) a 8 A e oltre (schede anni '80 piene di TTL) sul +5 V. Con un filo sottile e lungo si perdono facilmente 0,2\u20130,3 V tra alimentatore e scheda, e la caduta c'\u00e8 <b>sia sul +5 V sia sulla massa<\/b>. Usa almeno filo da <b>1 mm\u00b2 (AWG 18)<\/b>, tutti i pin +5 V e tutti i GND, e tieni il cablaggio corto.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><p>An arcade board can draw from 2\u20133 A (later boards) to 8 A or more (1980s boards full of TTL) on +5 V. With a long thin wire you easily lose 0.2\u20130.3 V between supply and board, and the drop happens <b>on both the +5 V and the ground<\/b>. Use at least <b>1 mm\u00b2 (AWG 18)<\/b> wire, all +5 V pins and all GND pins, and keep the harness short.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"gcard\"><h4><span data-l=\"it\">Regola sul connettore della scheda<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Adjust at the board connector<\/span><\/h4>\n          <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Gli alimentatori arcade hanno un trimmer sul +5 V (gli altri rami lo seguono). Regolalo <b>misurando con il tester sul connettore JAMMA della scheda<\/b>, tra un +5 V e un GND, con la scheda accesa: 5,00\u20135,10 V. Misurare sui morsetti dell'alimentatore non tiene conto dei cavi. Sotto 4,75 V molte schede si resettano o danno grafica sporca; sopra 5,25 V i chip soffrono.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div data-l=\"en\"><p>Arcade supplies have a trimmer on +5 V (the other rails follow it). Adjust it <b>measuring with a meter at the board's JAMMA connector<\/b>, between a +5 V and a GND, with the board running: 5.00\u20135.10 V. Measuring at the supply terminals ignores the wiring. Below 4.75 V many boards reset or show garbled graphics; above 5.25 V the chips suffer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"calc\" id=\"calcW\">\n        <div class=\"ctitle\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">CALCOLATORE \u00b7 CADUTA DI TENSIONE SUI CAVI<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">CALCULATOR \u00b7 CABLE VOLTAGE DROP<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cgrid\">\n          <div class=\"fields\">\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione all'alimentatore<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Voltage at the supply<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"wV\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"5\"><span class=\"u\">V<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Corrente della scheda<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Board current<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"wI\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"6\"><span class=\"u\">A<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Lunghezza del cavo (solo andata)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Cable length (one way)<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"wL\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"1.5\"><span class=\"u\">m<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Sezione di ogni filo<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Cross-section of each wire<\/span><\/span><select id=\"wA\"><\/select><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Fili in parallelo sul +<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Wires in parallel on +<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"wNp\" inputmode=\"numeric\" data-v=\"4\"><span class=\"u\">\u00d7<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Fili in parallelo sulla massa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Wires in parallel on ground<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"wNg\" inputmode=\"numeric\" data-v=\"4\"><span class=\"u\">\u00d7<\/span><\/div><\/label>\n            <label class=\"fld w2\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Resistenza di ogni contatto (due per filo: alimentatore e scheda)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Resistance of each contact (two per wire: supply and board)<\/span><\/span><div class=\"inp\"><input id=\"wRc\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-v=\"5\"><span class=\"u\">m\u03a9<\/span><\/div><small><span data-l=\"it\">stima: 5\u201320 m\u03a9 per un contatto pulito; un pettine ossidato pu\u00f2 essere molto peggio<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">estimate: 5\u201320 m\u03a9 for a clean contact; an oxidised edge can be much worse<\/span><\/small><\/label>\n          <\/div>\n          <div>\n            <div class=\"res\">\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Resistenza del + \/ della massa<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Resistance of + \/ ground<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wR\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Resistenza dei contatti<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Contact resistance<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wRcT\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow big\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Caduta totale<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Total drop<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wDrop\" class=\"y\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow big\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Tensione sulla scheda<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Voltage at the board<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wVb\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Potenza persa nei cavi<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Power lost in the wiring<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wP\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Per avere 5,00 V sulla scheda regola l'alimentatore a<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">For 5.00 V at the board set the supply to<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wSet\" class=\"c\"><\/b><\/div>\n              <div class=\"rrow\"><span><span data-l=\"it\">Sezione minima per perdere al massimo 0,1 V nei fili<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">Minimum cross-section for at most 0.1 V drop in the wires<\/span><\/span><b id=\"wMin\" class=\"c\"><\/b><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div id=\"wVer\"><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"h4\"><span data-l=\"it\">Da ATX a JAMMA (supergun o banco di prova)<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">From ATX to JAMMA (supergun or test bench)<\/span><\/div>\n      <figure class=\"fig scroll\"><svg data-svg=\"atxjamma\" class=\"sch\" viewBox=\"0 0 680 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Collegamento ATX - JAMMA\"><rect x=\"20\" y=\"30\" width=\"150\" height=\"280\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"95\" y=\"54\" class=\"ic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">ATX<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"94\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">+5 V<\/text><text x=\"160\" y=\"108\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">4,6,21,22,23<\/text><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"90\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#e53935\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"139\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">GND<\/text><text x=\"160\" y=\"153\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">3,5,7,15,17\u2026<\/text><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"135\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#9e9e9e\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"184\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">+12 V<\/text><text x=\"160\" y=\"198\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">10,11<\/text><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ffd23f\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"229\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u221212 V<\/text><text x=\"160\" y=\"243\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">14<\/text><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"225\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#1e6fd9\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"279\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">PS_ON#<\/text><text x=\"160\" y=\"293\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"end\">16<\/text><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"275\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#2e9e45\"\/><rect x=\"520\" y=\"30\" width=\"140\" height=\"240\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0d5c2e\" stroke=\"#2e9e45\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"590\" y=\"54\" class=\"ic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">JAMMA<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"86\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">+5 V<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"102\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">3, 4, C, D<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"131\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">GND<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"147\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">1, 2, 27, 28, A, B, e, f<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"176\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">+12 V<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"192\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">6, F<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"226\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">\u22125 V<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"242\" class=\"pn\" text-anchor=\"start\">5, E<\/text><polyline points=\"170,90 520,90\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#e53935\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"170,135 520,135\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"330,180 350,180\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"380,180 400,180\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"350\" y=\"174\" width=\"30\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><polyline points=\"350,180 380,180\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"365\" y=\"168\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">F1<\/text><text x=\"365\" y=\"204\" class=\"v\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2 A<\/text><polyline points=\"170,180 330,180\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffd23f\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"400,180 520,180\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffd23f\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"170,225 300,225\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1e6fd9\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"205\" width=\"100\" height=\"44\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1d1846\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"350\" y=\"232\" class=\"ic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">7905<\/text><polyline points=\"400,225 440,225 440,230 520,230\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"350,249 350,290 250,290 250,135\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"250\" cy=\"135\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"170,275 205,275\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e9e45\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"205\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><circle cx=\"235\" cy=\"275\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><polyline points=\"205,275 232,263\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"235,275 235,300 215,300\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"220\" y=\"260\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"middle\">S1<\/text><polyline points=\"215,300 215,300\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"235,300 260,300 260,290\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9e9e9e\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"260\" cy=\"290\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"460,90 460,110\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"460\" cy=\"90\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><polyline points=\"460,110 460,105.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"460,139.5 460,135\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfcaff\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"453\" y=\"105.5\" width=\"14\" height=\"34\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f0c24\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"460\" cy=\"135\" r=\"3.6\" fill=\"#cfcaff\"\/><text x=\"470\" y=\"118\" class=\"n\" text-anchor=\"start\">Rload<\/text><text x=\"300\" y=\"318\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"it\">C1\/C2 del 7905 e fusibili sul +5 V in base alla scheda: vedi testo.<\/text><text x=\"300\" y=\"318\" class=\"m\" text-anchor=\"start\" data-l=\"en\">7905 C1\/C2 and +5 V fusing depend on the board: see text.<\/text><\/svg><figcaption><span data-l=\"it\">Tutti i rossi al +5 V, tutti i neri ai GND, il giallo al +12 V con un fusibile, il \u22125 V da un 7905 sul blu (\u221212 V). S1 accende l'alimentatore, Rload \u00e8 il carico minimo se serve<\/span><span data-l=\"en\">All reds to +5 V, all blacks to GND, yellow to +12 V through a fuse, \u22125 V from a 7905 on the blue (\u221212 V). S1 turns the supply on, Rload is the minimum load if needed<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"it\">\n        <ul>\n          <li>L'ATX non ha il trimmer del 5 V: la caduta sui cavi non si pu\u00f2 compensare, quindi <b>cavi corti e grossi<\/b>. Molti ATX stanno sui 5,05\u20135,10 V a vuoto e arrivano alla scheda giusti con un cablaggio fatto bene.<\/li>\n          <li>Controlla in etichetta la corrente del <b>+5 V<\/b>: un ATX moderno pu\u00f2 dare 15\u201320 A sul 5 V ma 60 A sul 12 V. Per schede che assorbono 8\u201310 A sul 5 V scegli un alimentatore che li regga con margine.<\/li>\n          <li>Metti un fusibile sul +12 V (2\u20133 A): alimenta l'amplificatore audio, e un corto sulla scheda con un ATX da decine di ampere fa danni.<\/li>\n          <li>Alcuni ATX con il 12 V scarico e tanto 5 V vanno fuori tolleranza: misura tutte le tensioni con la scheda accesa.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"txt\" data-l=\"en\">\n        <ul>\n          <li>The ATX has no 5 V trimmer: you cannot compensate the cable drop, so <b>short, thick wires<\/b>. Many ATX supplies sit at 5.05\u20135.10 V unloaded and reach the board at the right voltage with good wiring.<\/li>\n          <li>Check the <b>+5 V<\/b> current on the label: a modern ATX may give 15\u201320 A on 5 V but 60 A on 12 V. For boards drawing 8\u201310 A on 5 V pick a supply that handles it with margin.<\/li>\n          <li>Fuse the +12 V (2\u20133 A): it powers the audio amplifier, and a short on the board fed by an ATX with tens of amps does damage.<\/li>\n          <li>Some ATX supplies with an unloaded 12 V and a heavy 5 V go out of tolerance: measure every rail with the board running.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"alert red\"><span class=\"ico\">&#9888;<\/span>\n        <div data-l=\"it\"><p><b>Prima di inserire la scheda<\/b> misura col tester sul connettore del cablaggio: +5 V tra 3 e 1, +12 V tra 6 e 1, \u22125 V tra 5 e 1, e lo stesso sul lato saldature. Gli errori che distruggono una scheda sono due: <b>polarit\u00e0 invertita<\/b> (rosso e nero scambiati o connettore montato al contrario) e <b>+12 V sul pin sbagliato<\/b>, per esempio sul 5\/E (\u22125 V) o sul +5 V, che brucia in un attimo CPU, RAM e chip custom. Il connettore deve avere la <b>chiave<\/b> tra i pin 6 e 8 (7\/H), perch\u00e9 la scheda non entri girata. Le schede non JAMMA (molte schede Konami, Sega e Data East degli anni '80) hanno piedinature diverse: servono l'adattatore giusto e il manuale della scheda.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div data-l=\"en\"><p><b>Before plugging the board in<\/b> measure at the harness connector with a meter: +5 V between 3 and 1, +12 V between 6 and 1, \u22125 V between 5 and 1, and the same on the solder side. Two mistakes kill a board: <b>reversed polarity<\/b> (red and black swapped or the connector fitted backwards) and <b>+12 V on the wrong pin<\/b>, e.g. on 5\/E (\u22125 V) or on +5 V, which instantly burns CPU, RAM and custom chips. The connector must have the <b>key<\/b> between pins 6 and 8 (7\/H) so the board can't go in reversed. Non-JAMMA boards (many 1980s Konami, Sega, Data East boards) have different pinouts: you need the right adapter and the board's manual.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <div class=\"foot\">\n      <div data-l=\"it\"><p>Dati verificati sui datasheet onsemi MC7800\/MC7900, TI LM340, LM79, LM317, LM338, LM2596, Renesas ICL7660, sulla Intel ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide 2.2 e sulle piedinature JAMMA dell'Arcade Museum e del Neo Geo Development Wiki. I calcoli sono stime da progetto: verifica sempre con il datasheet del componente che usi e con il tester. Vedi anche <a href=\"\/connettori-video\/\">Connettori video<\/a> e <a href=\"\/pinout-chip\/\">Pinout chip<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div data-l=\"en\"><p>Data checked against the onsemi MC7800\/MC7900, TI LM340, LM79, LM317, LM338, LM2596 and Renesas ICL7660 datasheets, the Intel ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide 2.2 and the JAMMA pinouts from the Arcade Museum and the Neo Geo Development Wiki. The results are design estimates: always check the datasheet of the part you use and measure with a meter. See also <a href=\"\/en\/connettori-video\/\">Video connectors<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/pinout-chip\/\">Chip pinouts<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n\/* RetroFixer \u00b7 Alimentatori \u00b7 calcolatori *\/\n(function () {\n'use strict';\nvar root = document.getElementById('rfps');\nif (!root) return;\nvar EN = \/^en\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang || '');\nif (EN) root.classList.add('en');\nvar L = function (it, en) { return EN ? en : it; };\nvar $ = function (id) { return document.getElementById(id); };\n\n\/* ---------- testi delle option e valori iniziali ---------- *\/\nroot.querySelectorAll('option[data-en]').forEach(function (o) { if (EN) o.textContent = o.getAttribute('data-en'); });\nfunction fmtIn(v) { return EN ? String(v) : String(v).replace('.', ','); }\nroot.querySelectorAll('input[data-v]').forEach(function (i) { i.value = fmtIn(i.getAttribute('data-v')); });\n\n\/* ---------- numeri ---------- *\/\nfunction num(id, opt) {\n  var el = $(id), s = (el.value || '').trim().replace(',', '.').replace(\/\\s\/g, '');\n  if (s === '' && opt) { el.classList.remove('bad'); return null; }\n  var v = parseFloat(s);\n  var ok = isFinite(v);\n  el.classList.toggle('bad', !ok);\n  return ok ? v : NaN;\n}\nfunction f(x, d) {\n  if (!isFinite(x)) return '\u2014';\n  return x.toLocaleString(EN ? 'en-GB' : 'it-IT', { minimumFractionDigits: d, maximumFractionDigits: d, useGrouping: false });\n}\nfunction fv(x, d) { return f(x, d === undefined ? 2 : d) + ' V'; }\nfunction sgn(neg, x, d) { return (neg ? '\u2212' : '+') + fv(x, d); }\nfunction ohm(r) {\n  if (r >= 1e6) return f(r \/ 1e6, r % 1e6 ? 2 : 0).replace(\/[,.]?0+$\/, '') + ' M\u03a9';\n  if (r >= 1e3) return f(r \/ 1e3, 2).replace(\/([,.]\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/[,.]$\/, '') + ' k\u03a9';\n  return f(r, r < 10 ? 1 : 0).replace(\/([,.]\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/[,.]$\/, '') + ' \u03a9';\n}\nfunction uf(c) {\n  if (c >= 1) return f(c, c < 10 ? 1 : 0).replace(\/([,.]\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/[,.]$\/, '') + ' \u00b5F';\n  return f(c * 1000, 0) + ' nF';\n}\nfunction verdict(box, list) {\n  $(box).innerHTML = list.map(function (v) { return '<div class=\"verdict ' + v[0] + '\">' + v[1] + '<\/div>'; }).join('');\n}\nvar E6 = [1, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8];\nvar E12 = [1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2];\nvar E24 = [1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1];\nvar CAPV = [6.3, 10, 16, 25, 35, 50, 63, 80, 100, 160, 200, 250, 400, 450];\nfunction series(base, from, to) {\n  var out = [];\n  for (var d = from; d <= to; d++) base.forEach(function (b) { out.push(Math.round(b * Math.pow(10, d) * 1000) \/ 1000); });\n  return out;\n}\nfunction nextUp(list, x) { for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) if (list[ i] >= x * 0.999) return list[ i]; return null; }\nfunction nextE6(x) { var l = series(E6, -2, 6); return nextUp(l, x); }\nfunction capV(v) { var r = nextUp(CAPV, v); return r === null ? '> 450 V' : (f(r, r % 1 ? 1 : 0) + ' V'); }\nfunction nearest(list, x) {\n  var best = list[0];\n  list.forEach(function (v) { if (Math.abs(Math.log(v \/ x)) < Math.abs(Math.log(best \/ x))) best = v; });\n  return best;\n}\nfunction on(ids, fn) { ids.forEach(function (id) { var e = $(id); e.addEventListener('input', fn); e.addEventListener('change', fn); }); }\nfunction goTo(id) { var e = $(id); if (e && e.scrollIntoView) e.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' }); }\nfunction setIn(id, v, d) { $(id).value = fmtIn(Number(v.toFixed(d === undefined ? 2 : d))); }\n\n\/* =========================================================== 1. trasformatore *\/\nvar dc = {};\nfunction calcDC() {\n  var Vs = num('dVs'), I = num('dI'), rip = num('dRip'), fr = +$('dF').value, tol = num('dTol') \/ 100, reg = num('dReg') \/ 100, need = num('dNeed');\n  var rp = $('dRect').value.split(','), nd = +rp[0], vf = +rp[1];\n  if ([Vs, I, rip, tol, reg, need].some(function (x) { return !isFinite(x); }) || Vs <= 0 || I <= 0 || rip <= 0) {\n    verdict('dVer', [['warn', L('Controlla i valori inseriti.', 'Check the values you entered.')]]); return;\n  }\n  var pk = Vs * Math.SQRT2, vdc = pk - nd * vf;\n  var Cf = I \/ (2 * fr * rip), Cuf = Cf * 1e6, Cstd = nextE6(Cuf), ripStd = I \/ (2 * fr * Cstd * 1e-6);\n  var avg = vdc - ripStd \/ 2;\n  var vmin = Vs * (1 - tol) * Math.SQRT2 - nd * vf - ripStd;\n  var vmax = Vs * (1 + tol) * (1 + reg) * Math.SQRT2 - nd * 0.6;\n  $('dPk').textContent = fv(pk, 1);\n  $('dDc').textContent = fv(vdc, 1);\n  $('dAvg').textContent = fv(avg, 1);\n  $('dMin').textContent = fv(vmin, 1);\n  $('dMax').textContent = fv(vmax, 1);\n  $('dC').textContent = uf(Cstd);\n  $('dCcalc').textContent = uf(Cuf) + ' \/ ' + f(ripStd, 2) + ' Vpp';\n  $('dCv').textContent = '\u2265 ' + capV(vmax * 1.25);\n  $('dCi').textContent = f(2 * I, 1) + ' A rms';\n  var brI = nextUp([1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 25, 35, 50], 2.5 * I) || 50;\n  var brV = nd === 1 ? Math.max(100, nextUp([100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000], 2.2 * vmax) || 1000) : Math.max(100, nextUp([100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000], 1.5 * vmax) || 1000);\n  $('dBr').textContent = f(brI, brI % 1 ? 1 : 0) + ' A \u00b7 ' + brV + ' V';\n  $('dVA').textContent = f(Math.ceil(1.8 * Vs * I * (nd === 1 ? 2 : 1)), 0) + ' VA';\n  root.querySelectorAll('.dyn-c1').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = uf(Cstd); });\n  var v = [], m = vmin - need;\n  if (m < 0) v.push(['bad', L('Con la rete bassa il fondo del ripple scende a <b>' + fv(vmin, 1) + '<\/b>, sotto i ' + fv(need, 1) + ' che servono al regolatore: mancano ' + fv(-m, 1) + '. Aumenta il condensatore (meno ripple) o usa un secondario pi\u00f9 alto.',\n    'At low mains the ripple valley drops to <b>' + fv(vmin, 1) + '<\/b>, below the ' + fv(need, 1) + ' the regulator needs: ' + fv(-m, 1) + ' short. Use a bigger capacitor (less ripple) or a higher secondary.')]);\n  else if (m > 3) v.push(['warn', L('Margine abbondante: ' + fv(m, 1) + ' oltre il minimo anche con la rete bassa. Funziona, ma il regolatore brucer\u00e0 in pi\u00f9 circa ' + f(m * I, 1) + ' W: un secondario pi\u00f9 basso scalda meno.',\n    'Plenty of headroom: ' + fv(m, 1) + ' above the minimum even at low mains. It works, but the regulator burns about ' + f(m * I, 1) + ' W extra: a lower secondary runs cooler.')]);\n  else v.push(['ok', L('Il regolatore resta in regolazione anche con la rete al \u2212' + f(tol * 100, 0) + '% (margine ' + fv(m, 1) + ').', 'The regulator stays in regulation even with mains at \u2212' + f(tol * 100, 0) + '% (' + fv(m, 1) + ' headroom).')]);\n  if (vmax > 35) v.push(['warn', L('A vuoto e con la rete alta si arriva a ' + fv(vmax, 1) + ': oltre i 35 V massimi dei 78xx e 79xx (40 V solo per il 7824).', 'Unloaded at high mains it reaches ' + fv(vmax, 1) + ': above the 35 V maximum of the 78xx and 79xx (40 V only for the 7824).')]);\n  if (Cstd > 22000) v.push(['warn', L('Condensatore molto grande: dividilo su pi\u00f9 elettrolitici in parallelo e valuta un soft-start o un termistore NTC sul primario.', 'Very large capacitor: split it across several electrolytics in parallel and consider a soft start or an NTC thermistor on the primary.')]);\n  verdict('dVer', v);\n  dc = { avg: avg, rip: ripStd };\n}\non(['dVs', 'dI', 'dRect', 'dRip', 'dF', 'dTol', 'dReg', 'dNeed'], calcDC);\n$('dToReg').addEventListener('click', function () {\n  if (!dc.avg) return;\n  setIn('rVin', dc.avg, 1); setIn('rRip', dc.rip, 2); setIn('rI', num('dI'), 2);\n  calcReg(); goTo('calcReg');\n});\n\n\/* =========================================================== 2. regolatore *\/\nvar REG = [];\nfunction addFix(v, neg, vinmax) {\n  REG.push({ id: (neg ? '79' : '78') + (v < 10 ? '0' : '') + v, kind: neg ? 'neg' : 'fix', v: v, drop: neg ? 1.3 : 2, imax: 1, ilim: 1.5, vinmax: vinmax || 35, rjc: 5, rja: 65, iq: neg ? 0.0045 : 0.005,\n    cin: '330 nF', cout: neg ? '1 \u00b5F' : '100 nF', svg: neg ? 'r79xx' : 'r78xx' });\n}\n[5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15].forEach(function (v) { addFix(v, false); });\naddFix(24, false, 40);\n[5, 12, 15].forEach(function (v) { addFix(v, true); });\nREG.push({ id: 'LM2940-5', kind: 'fix', ldo: true, v: 5, drop: 0.8, imax: 1, ilim: 1, vinmax: 26, rjc: 4, rja: 50, iq: 0.01, cin: '470 nF', cout: '22 \u00b5F', svg: 'r78xx' });\nREG.push({ id: 'LM317', kind: 'adj', vref: 1.25, drop: 3, imax: 1.5, ilim: 1.5, vdiff: 40, rjc: 4, rja: 50, iq: 0, cin: '100 nF', cout: '1 \u00b5F', svg: 'lm317' });\nREG.push({ id: 'LM350', kind: 'adj', vref: 1.25, drop: 3, imax: 3, ilim: 3, vdiff: 35, rjc: 4, rja: 50, iq: 0, cin: '100 nF', cout: '1 \u00b5F', svg: 'lm317' });\nREG.push({ id: 'LM338', kind: 'adj', vref: 1.24, drop: 3, imax: 5, ilim: 5, vdiff: 35, rjc: 4, rja: 50, iq: 0, cin: '100 nF', cout: '1 \u00b5F', svg: 'lm317' });\nREG.push({ id: 'LM337', kind: 'adjn', vref: 1.25, drop: 3, imax: 1.5, ilim: 1.5, vdiff: 40, rjc: 4, rja: 50, iq: 0, cin: '100 nF', cout: '1 \u00b5F', svg: 'lm337' });\nvar sel = $('rType');\nREG.forEach(function (r, i) {\n  var o = document.createElement('option');\n  o.value = i;\n  var neg = r.kind === 'neg' || r.kind === 'adjn';\n  if (r.kind === 'fix' || r.kind === 'neg') o.textContent = r.id + ' \u00b7 ' + (neg ? '\u2212' : '+') + r.v + ' V' + (r.ldo ? ' \u00b7 LDO' : '') + ' \u00b7 ' + r.imax + ' A';\n  else o.textContent = r.id + ' \u00b7 ' + L('regolabile ', 'adjustable ') + (neg ? '\u2212' : '+') + ' \u00b7 ' + f(r.imax, 1) + ' A';\n  sel.appendChild(o);\n});\nvar cur = null;\nfunction pickType(reset) {\n  cur = REG[+sel.value];\n  var adj = cur.kind === 'adj' || cur.kind === 'adjn';\n  $('rVoutF').querySelector('input').disabled = !adj;\n  if (!adj) $('rVout').value = fmtIn(cur.v);\n  if (reset) { $('rRjc').value = fmtIn(cur.rjc); $('rRja').value = fmtIn(cur.rja); }\n  $('rAdj').hidden = !adj;\n  var bypOk = (cur.kind === 'fix' && !cur.ldo) || cur.id === 'LM317';\n  $('rBypF').hidden = !bypOk;\n  if (!bypOk) $('rByp').checked = false;\n  $('rBypBox').hidden = !$('rByp').checked;\n}\nsel.addEventListener('change', function () { pickType(true); calcReg(); });\n$('rByp').addEventListener('change', function () { pickType(false); calcReg(); });\n\nfunction bestR2(target, R1, vref, ser) {\n  var iadj = 50e-6;\n  var vo = function (r2) { return vref * (1 + r2 \/ R1) + iadj * r2; };\n  var ideal = (target - vref) \/ (vref \/ R1 + iadj);\n  var vals = series(ser === 12 ? E12 : E24, 0, 5);\n  var one = vals[0], e1 = 1e9;\n  vals.forEach(function (r) { var e = Math.abs(vo(r) - target); if (e < e1) { e1 = e; one = r; } });\n  var two = [vals[0], vals[0]], e2 = 1e9;\n  for (var i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {\n    if (vals[ i] > ideal * 1.05) break;\n    for (var j = 0; j <= i; j++) {\n      var e = Math.abs(vo(vals[ i] + vals[ j]) - target);\n      if (e < e2 - 1e-9) { e2 = e; two = [vals[ i], vals[ j]]; }\n    }\n  }\n  return { ideal: ideal, one: one, vone: vo(one), two: two, vtwo: vo(two[0] + two[1]), vo: vo };\n}\n\nvar regOut = {};\nfunction calcReg() {\n  if (!cur) pickType(true);\n  var adj = cur.kind === 'adj' || cur.kind === 'adjn';\n  var neg = cur.kind === 'neg' || cur.kind === 'adjn';\n  var Vout = Math.abs(num('rVout')), I = Math.abs(num('rI')), Vin = Math.abs(num('rVin')), rip = Math.abs(num('rRip')), Ta = num('rTa'), Rjc = num('rRjc'), Rja = num('rRja');\n  if ([Vout, I, Vin, rip, Ta, Rjc, Rja].some(function (x) { return !isFinite(x); })) { verdict('rVer', [['warn', L('Controlla i valori inseriti.', 'Check the values you entered.')]]); return; }\n  var v = [];\n  if (adj && (Vout < cur.vref || Vout > 37)) v.push(['bad', L('L\\'uscita di un ' + cur.id + ' va da 1,25 a 37 V.', 'The ' + cur.id + ' output range is 1.25 to 37 V.')]);\n  var byp = $('rByp').checked && !$('rBypF').hidden;\n  var Vbe = 0, Rb = 0, Ireg = I, Iq = 0, Pq = 0;\n  $('rBypRes').hidden = !byp;\n  if (byp) {\n    var Ion = num('bOn'), beta = num('bBeta'), bRjc = num('bRjc');\n    Vbe = num('bVbe');\n    if ([Ion, beta, Vbe, bRjc].some(function (x) { return !isFinite(x) || x <= 0; })) { verdict('rVer', [['warn', L('Controlla i valori del transistor.', 'Check the transistor values.')]]); return; }\n    Rb = nearest(series(E12, -1, 3), Vbe \/ Ion);\n    var ion = Vbe \/ Rb;\n    if (I > ion) { Ireg = (I + beta * Vbe \/ Rb) \/ (1 + beta); Iq = I - Ireg; } else { Ireg = I; Iq = 0; }\n    Pq = Math.max(0, (Vin - Vout) * Iq);\n    $('bR').textContent = ohm(Rb) + ' \u00b7 ' + f(Vbe * Vbe \/ Rb, 2) + ' W';\n    $('bI').textContent = f(Ireg, 2) + ' A \/ ' + f(Iq, 2) + ' A';\n    $('bP').textContent = f(Pq, 1) + ' W';\n    var rsaQ = (100 - Ta) \/ Pq - bRjc - 1.2;\n    $('bRsa').textContent = Pq < 0.5 ? L('quasi nulla', 'negligible') : rsaQ <= 0 ? L('impossibile', 'impossible') : '\u2264 ' + f(rsaQ, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W';\n    regOut.q = { P: Pq, rjc: bRjc };\n    root.querySelectorAll('.dyn-rbe').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = ohm(Rb); });\n    if (Pq >= 0.5 && rsaQ > 0) v.push([rsaQ < 2 ? 'warn' : 'ok', L('Il transistor dissipa <b>' + f(Pq, 1) + ' W<\/b>: dissipatore da <b>' + f(rsaQ, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W o meno<\/b>, isolato (il case del TO-3 \u00e8 il collettore). ' + sizeTxt(rsaQ),\n      'The transistor dissipates <b>' + f(Pq, 1) + ' W<\/b>: heatsink of <b>' + f(rsaQ, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W or less<\/b>, insulated (the TO-3 case is the collector). ' + sizeTxt(rsaQ))]);\n    if (Pq > 0 && rsaQ <= 0) v.push(['bad', L('Il transistor dissiperebbe ' + f(Pq, 0) + ' W: troppo anche con un dissipatore enorme. Abbassa la tensione d\\'ingresso o passa a uno switching.', 'The transistor would dissipate ' + f(Pq, 0) + ' W: too much even with a huge heatsink. Lower the input voltage or use a switching regulator.')]);\n  }\n  var need = Vout + cur.drop + Vbe;\n  var valley = Vin - rip \/ 2;\n  var drop = Vin - Vout;\n  var vinReg = Vin - (byp ? (Iq > 0 ? Vbe : Ireg * Rb) : 0);\n  var P = Math.max(0, (vinReg - Vout) * Ireg) + Vin * cur.iq;\n  var tj0 = Ta + P * Rja;\n  var rcs = cur.kind === 'fix' ? 0.5 : 1.2;\n  var rsa = (100 - Ta) \/ P - Rjc - rcs;\n  $('rDrop').textContent = fv(drop, 2);\n  $('rNeed').textContent = (neg ? '\u2212' : '') + fv(need, 1);\n  $('rValley').textContent = (neg ? '\u2212' : '') + fv(valley, 2);\n  $('rP').textContent = f(P, 2) + ' W';\n  $('rEff').textContent = Vin > 0 ? f(Math.min(100, Vout \/ Vin * 100), 0) + ' %' : '\u2014';\n  $('rTj').textContent = f(tj0, 0) + ' \u00b0C';\n  $('rTj').className = tj0 <= 100 ? '' : tj0 <= 125 ? 'y' : 'r';\n  $('rRsa').textContent = tj0 <= 100 ? L('non serve', 'not needed') : rsa <= 0 ? L('impossibile', 'impossible') : '\u2264 ' + f(rsa, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W';\n  var vpk = Vin + rip \/ 2;\n  $('rCin').textContent = cur.cin + ' \u00b7 \u2265 ' + capV(vpk * 1.5);\n  $('rCout').textContent = cur.cout + (adj ? L(' + 10 \u00b5F su ADJ', ' + 10 \u00b5F on ADJ') : '') + ' \u00b7 \u2265 ' + capV(Vout * 1.5);\n  $('rDio').textContent = (adj ? '1N4002' : '1N4001') + (neg ? L(', catodo verso OUT', ', cathode to OUT') : L(', catodo verso IN', ', cathode to IN')) + (adj ? L(' + ADJ\u2192OUT', ' + ADJ\u2192OUT') : '');\n  \/\/ verdetti\n  if (valley < need) v.push(['bad', L('Il fondo del ripple (' + fv(valley, 2) + ') \u00e8 sotto il minimo di ' + fv(need, 1) + ': il regolatore esce di regolazione e in uscita passa il ronzio a 100 Hz.', 'The ripple valley (' + fv(valley, 2) + ') is below the ' + fv(need, 1) + ' minimum: the regulator drops out and 100 Hz hum reaches the output.')]);\n  else if (valley - need < 0.5) v.push(['warn', L('Margine di dropout stretto (' + fv(valley - need, 2) + '): considera anche la rete bassa.', 'Tight dropout margin (' + fv(valley - need, 2) + '): allow for low mains too.')]);\n  if (cur.vinmax && vpk > cur.vinmax) v.push(['bad', L('Ingresso oltre il massimo del ' + cur.id + ' (' + cur.vinmax + ' V).', 'Input above the ' + cur.id + ' maximum (' + cur.vinmax + ' V).')]);\n  if (cur.vdiff && vpk - Vout > cur.vdiff) v.push(['bad', L('Differenza ingresso-uscita oltre i ' + cur.vdiff + ' V ammessi.', 'Input-output difference above the ' + cur.vdiff + ' V allowed.')]);\n  if (Ireg > cur.ilim) v.push(['bad', L('Il regolatore dovrebbe dare ' + f(Ireg, 2) + ' A, oltre i ' + f(cur.ilim, 1) + ' A che regge: usa un LM338, il transistor di bypass o uno switching.', 'The regulator would carry ' + f(Ireg, 2) + ' A, above its ' + f(cur.ilim, 1) + ' A rating: use an LM338, the pass transistor or a switching regulator.')]);\n  else if (Ireg > cur.imax) v.push(['warn', L('Oltre 1 A i 78xx\/79xx lavorano al limite (il limite interno \u00e8 circa 2 A, ma cala con la caduta e la temperatura).', 'Above 1 A the 78xx\/79xx run at their limit (the internal limit is about 2 A, but it falls with drop and temperature).')]);\n  if (tj0 <= 100) v.push(['ok', L('Senza dissipatore la giunzione arriva a ' + f(tj0, 0) + ' \u00b0C: va bene cos\u00ec.', 'Without a heatsink the junction reaches ' + f(tj0, 0) + ' \u00b0C: no heatsink needed.')]);\n  else if (rsa <= 0) v.push(['bad', L(f(P, 1) + ' W sono troppi per un solo TO-220 anche con un dissipatore ideale: abbassa la tensione d\\'ingresso, dividi il carico o usa uno switching.', f(P, 1) + ' W is too much for a single TO-220 even with an ideal heatsink: lower the input voltage, split the load or go switching.')]);\n  else v.push([P > 10 ? 'warn' : 'ok', L('Serve un dissipatore da <b>' + f(rsa, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W o meno<\/b> (giunzione a 100 \u00b0C, montaggio ' + (rcs === 0.5 ? 'diretto con pasta' : 'isolato con mica') + '). ' + sizeTxt(rsa),\n    'You need a heatsink of <b>' + f(rsa, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W or less<\/b> (junction at 100 \u00b0C, ' + (rcs === 0.5 ? 'direct mount with paste' : 'insulated with mica') + '). ' + sizeTxt(rsa))]);\n  verdict('rVer', v);\n  regOut.P = P; regOut.rjc = Rjc; regOut.rja = Rja; regOut.ta = Ta; regOut.rcs = rcs;\n  \/\/ resistori LM317\n  var r1 = +$('aR1').value, r2txt = '';\n  if (adj) {\n    var b = bestR2(Vout, r1, cur.vref, +$('aSer').value);\n    var err = function (x) { var e = (x - Vout) \/ Vout * 100; return (e >= 0 ? '+' : '\u2212') + f(Math.abs(e), 1) + '%'; };\n    $('aIdeal').textContent = ohm(b.ideal);\n    $('aOne').textContent = ohm(b.one) + ' \u2192 ' + fv(b.vone, 2) + ' (' + err(b.vone) + ')';\n    $('aTwo').textContent = ohm(b.two[0]) + ' + ' + ohm(b.two[1]) + ' \u2192 ' + fv(b.vtwo, 2);\n    var imin = cur.vref \/ r1 * 1000;\n    $('aImin').textContent = f(imin, 1) + ' mA';\n    $('aImin').className = imin >= 10 ? '' : 'y';\n    var pots = series([1, 2.2, 4.7], 1, 5).filter(function (x) { return x <= b.ideal * 1.001; });\n    var pot = pots.length ? pots[pots.length - 1] : 10;\n    var rest = b.ideal - pot, rs = rest > b.ideal * 0.01 ? nearest(series(E24, 0, 5), rest) : 0;\n    $('aPot').textContent = ohm(pot) + (rs ? ' + ' + ohm(rs) : '') + ' \u2192 ' + f(b.vo(rs), 2) + '\u2013' + f(b.vo(pot + rs), 1) + ' V';\n    r2txt = Math.abs(b.vone - Vout) \/ Vout > 0.01 ? ohm(b.two[0]) + ' + ' + ohm(b.two[1]) : ohm(b.one);\n  }\n  \/\/ schema\n  var fig = $('rFig'), key = byp ? (adj ? 'bypass317' : 'bypass78') : cur.svg;\n  var src = root.querySelector('svg[data-svg=\"' + key + '\"]');\n  if (src && fig.getAttribute('data-k') !== key) { fig.innerHTML = ''; fig.appendChild(src.cloneNode(true)); fig.setAttribute('data-k', key); }\n  var name = cur.kind === 'fix' || cur.kind === 'neg' ? cur.id : cur.id;\n  fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-regname,.dyn-adjname').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = name; });\n  fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-vout').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = (neg ? '\u2212' : '+') + f(Vout, Vout % 1 ? 2 : 0) + ' V'; });\n  fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-r1').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = ohm(r1); });\n  fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-r2,.dyn-r2b').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = r2txt; });\n  fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-cin').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = cur.cin; });\n  fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-cout').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = cur.cout; });\n  if (byp) fig.querySelectorAll('.dyn-rbe').forEach(function (t) { t.textContent = ohm(Rb); });\n}\non(['rVout', 'rI', 'rVin', 'rRip', 'rTa', 'rRjc', 'rRja', 'bOn', 'bBeta', 'bVbe', 'bRjc', 'aR1', 'aSer'], calcReg);\n$('rToHs').addEventListener('click', function () {\n  if (regOut.P === undefined) return;\n  setIn('hP', regOut.P, 2); setIn('hRjc', regOut.rjc, 1); setIn('hRja', regOut.rja, 0); setIn('hTa', regOut.ta, 0);\n  $('hRcs').value = String(regOut.rcs);\n  $('hRsa').value = '';\n  calcHs(); goTo('calcHs');\n});\n\n\/* =========================================================== 3. dissipatore *\/\nfunction sizeTxt(r) {\n  if (r > 20) return L('Basta un\\'aletta a clip o un piccolo dissipatore a U.', 'A clip-on fin or small U-shaped heatsink is enough.');\n  if (r > 10) return L('Dissipatore alettato per TO-220 alto 25\u201340 mm.', 'Finned TO-220 heatsink 25\u201340 mm tall.');\n  if (r > 5) return L('Profilato alettato da 50\u201375 mm.', 'Finned extrusion 50\u201375 mm long.');\n  if (r > 2) return L('Profilato grande o pannello del contenitore in alluminio.', 'Large extrusion or aluminium enclosure panel.');\n  if (r > 0) return L('Dissipatore grande con ventola, o meglio ridurre la potenza.', 'Large heatsink with a fan, or better reduce the power.');\n  return L('Nessun dissipatore basta: riduci la potenza.', 'No heatsink is enough: reduce the power.');\n}\nfunction calcHs() {\n  var P = num('hP'), Ta = num('hTa'), Tjt = num('hTj'), Rjc = num('hRjc'), Rja = num('hRja'), Rcs = +$('hRcs').value, have = num('hRsa', true);\n  if ([P, Ta, Tjt, Rjc, Rja].some(function (x) { return !isFinite(x); }) || P <= 0 || (have !== null && !isFinite(have))) { verdict('hVer', [['warn', L('Controlla i valori inseriti.', 'Check the values you entered.')]]); return; }\n  var no = Ta + P * Rja, need = (Tjt - Ta) \/ P - Rjc - Rcs;\n  $('hNo').textContent = f(no, 0) + ' \u00b0C';\n  $('hNo').className = no <= Tjt ? '' : no <= 125 ? 'y' : 'r';\n  $('hNeed').textContent = no <= Tjt ? L('non serve', 'not needed') : need <= 0 ? L('impossibile', 'impossible') : '\u2264 ' + f(need, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W';\n  $('hSize').textContent = no <= Tjt ? L('nessun dissipatore', 'no heatsink') : sizeTxt(need);\n  var rsa = have !== null ? have : (no <= Tjt ? null : (need > 0 ? need : null));\n  var chain = $('hChain'), v = [], tj;\n  if (rsa === null) {\n    tj = no;\n    chain.innerHTML = '<div class=\"t\">' + L('giunzione', 'junction') + '<b>' + f(no, 0) + ' \u00b0C<\/b><\/div><div class=\"r\">' + f(Rja, 0) + '<br>\u00b0C\/W<\/div><div class=\"t\">' + L('aria', 'air') + '<b>' + f(Ta, 0) + ' \u00b0C<\/b><\/div>';\n  } else {\n    tj = Ta + P * (Rjc + Rcs + rsa);\n    var tc = Ta + P * (Rcs + rsa), ts = Ta + P * rsa;\n    chain.innerHTML = '<div class=\"t\">' + L('giunzione', 'junction') + '<b>' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C<\/b><\/div><div class=\"r\">' + f(Rjc, 1) + '<br>\u00b0C\/W<\/div>' +\n      '<div class=\"t\">case<b>' + f(tc, 0) + ' \u00b0C<\/b><\/div><div class=\"r\">' + f(Rcs, 1) + '<br>\u00b0C\/W<\/div>' +\n      '<div class=\"t\">' + L('dissipatore', 'heatsink') + '<b>' + f(ts, 0) + ' \u00b0C<\/b><\/div><div class=\"r\">' + f(rsa, 1) + '<br>\u00b0C\/W<\/div>' +\n      '<div class=\"t\">' + L('aria', 'air') + '<b>' + f(Ta, 0) + ' \u00b0C<\/b><\/div>';\n    if (ts > 60) v.push(['warn', L('Il dissipatore arriva a ' + f(ts, 0) + ' \u00b0C: scotta, tienilo lontano da condensatori e plastica.', 'The heatsink reaches ' + f(ts, 0) + ' \u00b0C: too hot to touch, keep it away from capacitors and plastic.')]);\n  }\n  $('hBar').style.left = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, tj \/ 150 * 100)) + '%';\n  if (have !== null) {\n    if (tj <= Tjt) v.unshift(['ok', L('Con il tuo dissipatore la giunzione arriva a ' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C: va bene.', 'With your heatsink the junction reaches ' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C: fine.')]);\n    else if (tj <= 125) v.unshift(['warn', L('Con il tuo dissipatore la giunzione arriva a ' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C: funziona, ma \u00e8 sopra il tuo limite di progetto.', 'With your heatsink the junction reaches ' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C: it works, but above your design limit.')]);\n    else v.unshift(['bad', L('Con il tuo dissipatore la giunzione arriva a ' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C: troppo, andr\u00e0 in protezione termica.', 'With your heatsink the junction reaches ' + f(tj, 0) + ' \u00b0C: too hot, it will go into thermal shutdown.')]);\n  } else if (no <= Tjt) v.unshift(['ok', L('Senza dissipatore la giunzione resta a ' + f(no, 0) + ' \u00b0C.', 'Without a heatsink the junction stays at ' + f(no, 0) + ' \u00b0C.')]);\n  else if (need <= 0) v.unshift(['bad', L('Anche un dissipatore perfetto non basta: la sola Rth giunzione-case porta la giunzione a ' + f(Ta + P * (Rjc + Rcs), 0) + ' \u00b0C. Riduci la potenza o dividila su pi\u00f9 componenti.', 'Even a perfect heatsink is not enough: the junction-case Rth alone takes the junction to ' + f(Ta + P * (Rjc + Rcs), 0) + ' \u00b0C. Reduce the power or split it across several parts.')]);\n  else v.unshift(['ok', L('Scegli un dissipatore con Rth uguale o pi\u00f9 bassa di ' + f(need, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W.', 'Pick a heatsink rated at ' + f(need, 1) + ' \u00b0C\/W or lower.')]);\n  verdict('hVer', v);\n}\non(['hP', 'hTa', 'hTj', 'hRjc', 'hRja', 'hRcs', 'hRsa'], calcHs);\n\n\/* =========================================================== 4. cavi *\/\nvar WIRES = [['AWG 24', 0.205], ['AWG 22', 0.326], ['AWG 20', 0.518], ['AWG 18', 0.823], ['AWG 16', 1.31], ['AWG 14', 2.08], ['AWG 12', 3.31],\n  ['0,25 mm\u00b2', 0.25], ['0,5 mm\u00b2', 0.5], ['0,75 mm\u00b2', 0.75], ['1 mm\u00b2', 1], ['1,5 mm\u00b2', 1.5], ['2,5 mm\u00b2', 2.5], ['4 mm\u00b2', 4]];\nWIRES.forEach(function (w, i) {\n  var o = document.createElement('option');\n  o.value = w[1];\n  o.textContent = (EN ? w[0].replace(',', '.') : w[0]) + (w[0].indexOf('AWG') === 0 ? ' \u00b7 ' + f(w[1], 2) + ' mm\u00b2' : '');\n  if (i === 3) o.selected = true;\n  $('wA').appendChild(o);\n});\nfunction calcW() {\n  var V = num('wV'), I = num('wI'), Lm = num('wL'), A = +$('wA').value, np = Math.round(num('wNp')), ng = Math.round(num('wNg')), rc = num('wRc') \/ 1000;\n  if ([V, I, Lm, np, ng, rc].some(function (x) { return !isFinite(x); }) || np < 1 || ng < 1 || A <= 0) { verdict('wVer', [['warn', L('Controlla i valori inseriti.', 'Check the values you entered.')]]); return; }\n  var rho = 0.0172;\n  var Rp = rho * Lm \/ (A * np), Rg = rho * Lm \/ (A * ng), Rct = 2 * rc * (1 \/ np + 1 \/ ng);\n  var drop = I * (Rp + Rg + Rct), vb = V - drop;\n  $('wR').textContent = f(Rp * 1000, 1) + ' \/ ' + f(Rg * 1000, 1) + ' m\u03a9';\n  $('wRcT').textContent = f(Rct * 1000, 1) + ' m\u03a9';\n  $('wDrop').textContent = fv(drop, 3);\n  $('wVb').textContent = fv(vb, 2);\n  $('wVb').className = vb >= 4.9 && vb <= 5.25 ? '' : vb >= 4.75 && vb <= 5.25 ? 'y' : 'r';\n  $('wP').textContent = f(I * drop, 2) + ' W';\n  $('wSet').textContent = fv(5 + drop, 2);\n  var amin = rho * Lm * I * (1 \/ np + 1 \/ ng) \/ 0.1;\n  if (isFinite(amin)) {\n    var awg = null;\n    [['AWG 22', 0.326], ['AWG 20', 0.518], ['AWG 18', 0.823], ['AWG 16', 1.31], ['AWG 14', 2.08], ['AWG 12', 3.31], ['AWG 10', 5.26]].some(function (w) { if (w[1] >= amin) { awg = w[0]; return true; } return false; });\n    $('wMin').textContent = f(amin, 2) + ' mm\u00b2' + (awg ? ' (' + awg + ')' : '');\n  } else $('wMin').textContent = '\u2014';\n  var v = [];\n  if (drop <= 0.1) v.push(['ok', L('Caduta contenuta: ' + fv(drop, 2) + ' tra alimentatore e scheda.', 'Small drop: ' + fv(drop, 2) + ' between supply and board.')]);\n  else if (drop <= 0.25) v.push(['warn', L('Si perdono ' + fv(drop, 2) + ': con un alimentatore regolabile alzalo a ' + fv(5 + drop, 2) + ' misurando sulla scheda; con un ATX usa pi\u00f9 fili o pi\u00f9 grossi.', 'You lose ' + fv(drop, 2) + ': with an adjustable supply raise it to ' + fv(5 + drop, 2) + ' measuring at the board; with an ATX use more or thicker wires.')]);\n  else v.push(['bad', L('Caduta eccessiva (' + fv(drop, 2) + '): i cavi scaldano (' + f(I * drop, 1) + ' W) e la tensione cambia con l\\'assorbimento della scheda. Usa pi\u00f9 fili in parallelo, pi\u00f9 grossi e pi\u00f9 corti.', 'Excessive drop (' + fv(drop, 2) + '): the wires heat up (' + f(I * drop, 1) + ' W) and the voltage moves with the board\\'s current. Use more wires in parallel, thicker and shorter.')]);\n  if (vb < 4.75) v.push(['bad', L('Sulla scheda arrivano meno di 4,75 V: rischio di reset, grafica sporca e suono distorto.', 'Less than 4.75 V reaches the board: expect resets, garbled graphics and distorted sound.')]);\n  if (I \/ np > 3 || I \/ ng > 3) v.push(['warn', L('Pi\u00f9 di 3 A per contatto: usa tutti i pin +5 V (3, 4, C, D) e tutti i GND (1, 2, 27, 28, A, B, e, f) del JAMMA.', 'More than 3 A per contact: use all +5 V pins (3, 4, C, D) and all GND pins (1, 2, 27, 28, A, B, e, f) of the JAMMA.')]);\n  verdict('wVer', v);\n}\non(['wV', 'wI', 'wL', 'wA', 'wNp', 'wNg', 'wRc'], calcW);\n\npickType(true);\ncalcDC(); calcReg(); calcHs(); calcW();\n})();\n<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ALIMENTATORI \u00b7 LINEARI \u00b7 SWITCHING \u00b7 ATX \u00b7 JAMMAPOWER SUPPLIES \u00b7 LINEAR \u00b7 SWITCHING \u00b7 ATX \u00b7 JAMMA Alimentatori per retro computer e schede arcadePower supplies<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11888,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[54,237,167],"class_list":["post-11875","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-alimentatore","tag-arcade","tag-riparazione"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11875"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11875\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11885,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11875\/revisions\/11885"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11888"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/retrofixer.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}